Unsaturated soil mechanics in engineering practice

This book builds upon and substantially updates Fredlund and Rahardjo's publication, Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils , the current standard in the field of unsaturated soils. It provides readers with more thorough coverage of the state of the art of unsaturated soil behavior and better reflects the manner in which practical unsaturated soil engineering problems are solved. Retaining the fundamental physics of unsaturated soil behavior presented in the earlier book, this new publication places greater emphasis on the importance of the "soil-water characteristic curve" in solving practical engineering problems, as well as the quantification of thermal and moisture boundary conditions based on the use of weather data. Topics covered include:

Theory to Practice of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics Nature and Phase Properties of Unsaturated Soil State Variables for Unsaturated Soils Measurement and Estimation of State Variables Soil-Water Characteristic Curves for Unsaturated Soils Ground Surface Moisture Flux Boundary Conditions Theory of Water Flow through Unsaturated Soils Solving Saturated/Unsaturated Water Flow Problems Air Flow through Unsaturated Soils Heat Flow Analysis for Unsaturated Soils Shear Strength of Unsaturated Soils Shear Strength Applications in Plastic and Limit Equilibrium Stress-Deformation Analysis for Unsaturated Soils Solving Stress-Deformation Problems with Unsaturated Soils Compressibility and Pore Pressure Parameters Consolidation and Swelling Processes in Unsaturated Soils

Unsaturated Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice is essential reading for geotechnical engineers, civil engineers, and undergraduate- and graduate-level civil engineering students with a focus on soil mechanics.

Author Notes

D.G. FREDLUND is the author or coauthor of over 460 refereed journal articles, conference proceedings, technical papers, and chapters in edited collections. In 1993, he coauthored Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils , the first major text on unsaturated soil mechanics published. He has served as a research consultant to the Government of Hong Kong, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and Saskatchewan Highways, and presently is head of the Golder Unsaturated Soils Group, Canada.

H. RAHARDJO is head of the Division of Infrastructure Systems and Maritime Studies at the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. He is the coauthor of Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils and over 200 technical publications.

M. D. FREDLUND is the President/CEO of SoilVision Systems, Canada, a geotechnical/hydrological software development and numerical modeling company.

Foreword	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Chapter 1 Theory to Practice of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Moisture and Thermal Flux Boundary Conditions	p. 6
1.3 Determination of Unsaturated Soil Properties	p. 8
1.4 Stages in Moving Toward Implementation	p. 9
1.5 Need for Unsaturated Soil Mechanics	p. 11
1.6 Partial Differential Equations in Soil Mechanics	p. 17
1.7 Engineering Protocols for Unsaturated Soils	p. 26
Chapter 2 Nature and Phase Properties of Unsaturated Soil	p. 29
2.1 Introduction	p. 29
2.2 Soil Classification	p. 34
2.3 Phase Properties	p. 48
2.4 Volume-Mass Variables	p. 66
2.5 Soil Compaction	p. 73
2.6 Volume-Mass Relations When Mass Is Lost from System	p. 76
Chapter 3 State Variables for Unsaturated Soils	p. 80
3.1 Introduction	p. 80
3.2 Basis for Stress State Variables	p. 84
3.3 Stress State Variables for Unsaturated Soils	p. 87
3.4 Representation of Stress States	p. 94
3.5 Equations for Mohr Circle	p. 98
3.6 Role of Osmotic Suction	p. 105
Chapter 4 Measurement and Estimation of State Variables	p. 109
4.1 Introduction	p. 109
4.2 Measurement of Soil Suction	p. 109
4.3 Measurement of Total Suction	p. 149
4.4 Measurement of Osmotic Suction	p. 164
4.5 Measurement of In Situ Water Content	p. 165
4.6 Estimation of Soil Suction	p. 169
Chapter 5 Soil-Water Characteristic Curves for Unsaturated Soils	p. 184
5.1 Introduction	p. 184
5.2 Volume-Mass Constitutive Relations	p. 190
5.3 Equations for SWCC	p. 200
5.4 Regression Analysis on SWCC Equations	p. 214
5.5 Hysteresis, Initialization, and Interpretation of SWCC	p. 217
5.6 Pham and Fredlund (2011) Equation for Entire SWCC	p. 224
5.7 Gitirana and Fredlund (2004) SWCC	p. 231
5.8 Measurement of SWCC Using Pressure Plate Devices	p. 234
5.9 Single-Specimen Pressure Plate Devices for Geotechnical Engineering	p. 242
5.10 Vacuum Desiccators for High Suctions	p. 249
5.11 Use of Chilled-Mirror or Dew-Point Method	p. 251
5.12 Estimation of SWCC	p. 253
5.13 Two-Point Method of Estimating SWCC	p. 263
5.14 Correlation of Fitting Parameters to Soil Properties	p. 265
5.15 Application of SWCC	p. 269
5.16 Guidelines and Recommendations for Engineering Practice	p. 271
Chapter 6 Ground Surface Moisture Flux Boundary Conditions	p. 273
6.1 Introduction	p. 273
6.2 Climatic Classification for a Site	p. 274
6.3 Boundary Value Framework for Near-Ground-Surface Design	p. 278
6.4 Challenges of Numerical Modeling Ground Surface Moisture Flux Conditions	p. 321
Chapter 7 Theory of Water Flow through Unsaturated Soils	p. 327
7.1 Introduction	p. 327
7.2 Theory of Flow of Water	p. 327
7.3 DarcyÆs Law for Unsaturated Soils	p. 331
7.4 Partial Differential Equations for Steady-State Water Flow	p. 344
7.5 Partial Differential Equations for Transient Seepage	p. 351
7.6 Direct Measurement of Water Flow Properties	p. 354
Chapter 8 Solving Saturated/Unsaturated Water Flow Problems	p. 375
8.1 Introduction	p. 375
8.2 Estimation of Permeability Function	p. 375
8.3 Application to Saturated-Unsaturated Water Flow Problems	p. 397
8.4 Conditions under Which Matric Suction Can Be Maintained	p. 437
Chapter 9 Air Flow through Unsaturated Soils	p. 450
9.1 Introduction	p. 450
9.2 Theory of Free Air Flow	p. 450
9.3 FickÆs Law and DarcyÆs Law for Air Flow	p. 451
Diffusion of Air through Water	p. 458
Other Components of Air Flow	p. 460
Partial Differential Equations for Air Flow through Unsaturated Soils	p. 461
Direct Measurement of Air Coefficient of Permeability	p. 465
Direct Measurement of Air Diffusion through Water	p. 467
Indirect Estimation of Air Flow Properties	p. 472
Applications to Saturated-Unsaturated Air Flow Problems	p. 480
Heat Flow Analysis for Unsaturated Soils	p. 487
Introduction	p. 487
Theory of Heat Flow	p. 488
Theory of Freezing and Thawing Soils	p. 492
Formulation of Partial Differential Equations for Conductive Heat Flow	p. 495
Direct Measurement of Thermal Properties	p. 500
Estimation Procedures for Thermal Properties	p. 505
Applications to Thermal Problems	p. 510
One-Dimensional Heat Flow in Unfrozen and Frozen Soils	p. 511
Two-Dimensional Heat Flow Example Involving Chilled Pipeline	p. 511
Two-Dimensional Heat Flow Example with Surface Temperatures above and below Freezing	p. 512
Aldrich (1956) Example of Vertical Column	p. 516
Shear Strength of Unsaturated Soils	p. 520
Introduction	p. 520
Theory of Shear Strength	p. 520
Measurement of Shear Strength	p. 536
Special Equipment Design Considerations	p. 541
Triaxial Test Procedures for Unsaturated Soils	p. 551
Interpretation of Triaxial Test Results	p. 554
Direct Shear Tests	p. 565
Typical Laboratory Test Results	p. 567
Selection of Strain Rate	p. 578
Shear Strength Applications in Plastic and Limit Equilibrium	p. 588
Introduction	p. 588
Estimation of Shear Strength Functions for Unsaturated Soils	p. 588
Application to Practical Shear Strength Problems in Geotechnical Engineering	p. 612
Bearing Capacity	p. 626
Slope Stability	p. 632
Optimization Procedures to Solve for Factor of Safety	p. 642
Application of Slope Stability Analyses	p. 651
Hazard Assessment and Decision Analysis Related to Slope Instability	p. 662
Stress-Deformation Analysis for Unsaturated Soils	p. 666
Introduction	p. 666
Concepts of Volume Change and Deformation	p. 670
Volume-Mass Constitutive Relations	p. 673
Compressibility Form for Unsaturated Soil Constitutive Relations	p. 679
Relationship Among Volumetric Deformation Coefficients	p. 685
Pham-Fredlund Volume-Mass Constitutive Model (2011a)	p. 693
Formulation of Partial Differential Equations for Stress-Deformation in Unsaturated Soils	p. 713
Measurement of Stress-Deformation Properties for Unsaturated Soils	p. 721
Solving Stress-Deformation Problems with Unsaturated Soils	p. 731
Introduction	p. 731
Estimation of Stress-Deformation Properties	p. 731
Application to Practical Stress-Deformation Problems	p. 735
Evaluation of Stress History in Unsaturated Soils	p. 738
One-Dimensional Formulations for Deformation Analysis for Unsaturated Soil	p. 756
Swelling Theory Formulated in Terms of Incremental Elasticity Parameters	p. 768
Evaluation of Elasticity Parameter Functions from Volume Change Indices	p. 771
One-Dimensional Solution Using Incremental Elasticity Formulation	p. 775
Two-Dimensional Solution Using Incremental Elasticity Formulation	p. 778
Challenges in Numerically Modeling of Expansive Soil Problems	p. 778
Compressibility and Pore Pressure Parameters	p. 783
Introduction	p. 783
Coupled and Uncoupled Solutions	p. 784
Uncoupled Undrained Loading	p. 786
Derivation of Pore Pressure Parameters	p. 794
Drained and Undrained Loading	p. 796
Solutions of Pore Pressure Equations and Comparisons with Experimental Results	p. 802
Rheological Model to Represent Relative Compressibilities of Unsaturated Soil	p. 807
Consolidation and Swelling Processes in Unsaturated Soils	p. 809
Introduction	p. 809
Stress and Seepage Uncoupled and Coupled Systems	p. 809
Solution of Consolidation Equations Using Finite Difference Technique	p. 817
Typical Consolidation Test Results on Unsaturated Soils	p. 819
Dimensionless Consolidation Parameters	p. 823
Coupled Formulations and Three-Dimensional Consolidation	p. 825
Water, Air Flow, and Nonisothermal Systems	p. 829
Two-Dimensional Stress-Deformation and Saturated-Unsaturated Seepage Analysis	p. 831
Computer Simulation of Edge Lift and Edge Drop of Slabs-on-Ground	p. 845
Theory for Simulation of Swelling Pressure Development	p. 848
Rheological Model for Unsaturated Soils	p. 851

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