Understanding UMTS radio network modelling, planning and automated optimisation : theory and practice

Title:

Publication Information:

West Sussex, England : John Wiley & Sons, 2006

ISBN:

9780470015674

Subject Term:

Global system for mobile communications

Radio -- Transmitters and transmission

Code division multiple access

Added Author:

Nawrocki, Maciej J

Dohler, Mischa

Aghvami, A. Hamid

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010106531	TK5103.483 U52 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This book sets out to provide the theoretical foundations that will enable radio network planners to plan model and optimize radio networks using state-of-the-art findings from around the globe. It adopts a logical approach, beginning with the background to the present status of UMTS radio network technology, before devoting equal coverage to planning, modelling and optimization issues. All key planning areas are covered, including the technical and legal implications of network infrastructure sharing, hierarchical cell structure (HCS) deployment, ultra-high-site deployment and the benefits and limitations of using computer-aided design (CAD) software. Theoretical models for UMTS technology are explained as generic system models, stand-alone services and mixed services. Business modelling theory and methods are put forward, taking in propagation calculations, link-level, UMTS static and UMTS dynamic simulations. The challenges and goals of the automated optimization process are explored in depth using cutting-edge cost function and optimization algorithms. This theory-based resource containing prolific illustrative case studies explains the reasons for UMTS radio networks performance issues and how to use this foundational knowledge to model, plan and optimize present and future systems.

Author Notes

Maciej J. Nawrocki currently works for the Centre for Telecommunications Research at King's College London. His areas of interest include WCDMA based cellular networks, CDMA network planning methods, optimization methods for 3G systems radio planning and, latterly, efficient modeling algorithms for UMTS radio network organization.

Mischa Dohler has a PhD from Kings College London where he has also held a lecturing post. His areas of interest include propagation, coding, transceiver design and link level simulations.

Hamid Aghvami is presently Director of the Centre for Telecommunications Research at King's College London. He is considered a world expert in the field of personal and mobile radio communications and is a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, a fellow member of the IEE and senior member of the IEEE.

Maciej J. Nawrocki and Mischa Dohler and A. Hamid AghvamiPeter GouldMaciej J. Grzybkowski and Ziemowit Neyman and Marcin NeyMaciej J. Nawrocki and Mischa Dohler and A. Hamid AghvamiKamil Staniec and Maciej J. Grzybkowski and Karsten ErlebachHans-Florian Geerdes and Andreas Eisenblatter and Piotr M. Slobodzian and Mikio Iwamura and Mischa Dohler and Rafal Zdunek and Peter Gould and Maciej J. NawrockiMarcin NeyMarcin NeyMaciej J. NawrockiZiemowit Neyman and Mischa DohlerMaciej J. GrzybkowskiMarcin Ney and Peter Gould and Karsten ErlebachRoni Abiri and Maciej J. NawrockiAlexander Gerdenitsch and Andreas Eisenblatter and Hans-Florian Geerdes and Roni Abiri and Michael Livschitz and Ziemowit Neyman and Maciej J. NawrockiRoni Abiri and Ziemowit Neyman and Andreas EisenblattercHans-Florian GeerdesZwi Altman and Herve Dubreil and Ridha Nasri and Ouassim Ben Amor and Jean-Marc Picard and Vincent Diascorn and Maurice ClercKarsten Erlebach and Zbigniew Joskiewicz and Marcin Ney

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgment	p. xvii
List of Acronyms	p. xix
Notes on Editors and Contributors	p. xxix
Part I Introduction	p. 1
1 Modern Approaches to Radio Network Modelling and Planning	p. 3
1.1 Historical aspects of radio network planning	p. 3
1.2 Importance and limitations of modelling approaches	p. 5
1.3 Manual versus automated planning	p. 7
References	p. 9
2 Introduction to the UTRA FDD Radio Interface	p. 11
2.1 Introduction to CDMA-based networks	p. 11
2.2 The UTRA FDD air interface	p. 15
2.2.1 Spreading codes	p. 15
2.2.2 Common physical channels	p. 20
2.2.3 Dedicated physical channels	p. 27
2.3 UTRA FDD key mechanisms	p. 29
2.3.1 Cell breathing and soft capacity	p. 29
2.3.2 Interference and power control	p. 31
2.3.3 Soft handover and compressed mode	p. 32
2.4 Parameters that require planning	p. 34
2.4.1 Signal path parameters	p. 34
2.4.2 Power allocation	p. 35
2.4.3 System settings	p. 35
References	p. 35
3 Spectrum and Service Aspects	p. 37
3.1 Spectrum aspects	p. 37
3.1.1 Spectrum requirements for UMTS	p. 38
3.1.2 Spectrum identified for UMTS	p. 39
3.1.3 Frequency arrangements for the UMTS terrestrial component	p. 39
3.1.4 Operator spectrum demands	p. 45
3.2 Service features and characteristics	p. 46
References	p. 52
4 Trends for the Near Future	p. 55
4.1 Introduction	p. 55
4.2 Systems yet to be deployed	p. 56
4.2.1 UTRA TDD	p. 56
4.2.2 TD-SCDMA	p. 57
4.2.3 Satellite segment	p. 58
4.3 Enhanced coverage	p. 60
4.3.1 Ultra High Sites (UHS)	p. 61
4.3.2 High Altitude Platform System (HAPS)	p. 61
4.4 Enhanced capacity	p. 61
4.4.1 Hierarchical Cell Structures (HCS)	p. 61
4.4.2 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)	p. 62
4.4.3 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)	p. 63
4.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (OFDM)	p. 64
4.5 Heterogeneous approaches	p. 64
4.5.1 Wireless LANs	p. 64
4.5.2 Wireless MANs (WiMAX)	p. 65
4.6 Concluding Remarks	p. 65
References	p. 65
Part II Modelling	p. 67
5 Propagation Modelling	p. 69
5.1 Radio channels in wideband CDMA systems	p. 69
5.1.1 Electromagnetic wave propagation	p. 69
5.1.2 Wideband radio channel characterisation	p. 73
5.1.3 Introduction to deterministic methods in modelling WCDMA systems	p. 75
5.1.4 Deterministic methods: comparison of performance	p. 79
5.2 Application of empirical and deterministic models in picocell planning	p. 80
5.2.1 Techniques for indoor modelling	p. 80
5.2.2 Techniques for outdoor-to-indoor modelling	p. 82
5.3 Application of empirical and deterministic models in microcell planning	p. 84
5.3.1 Cost 231 Walfisch-Ikegami model	p. 85
5.3.2 Manhattan model	p. 87
5.3.3 Other microcellular propagation models	p. 88
5.4 Application of empirical and deterministic models in macrocell planning	p. 90
5.4.1 Modified Hata	p. 90
5.4.2 Other models	p. 91
5.5 Propagation models of interfering signals	p. 94
5.5.1 ITU-R 1546 model	p. 94
5.5.2 ITU-R 452 model	p. 100
5.5.3 Statistics in the Modified Hata model	p. 104
5.6 Radio propagation model calibration	p. 105
5.6.1 Tuning algorithms	p. 106
5.6.2 Single and multiple slope approaches	p. 108
Appendix Calculation of inverse complementary cumulative normal distribution function	p. 110
References	p. 111
6 Theoretical Models for UMTS Radio Networks	p. 115
6.1 Antenna modelling	p. 115
6.1.1 Mobile terminal antenna modelling	p. 117
6.1.2 Base station antenna modelling	p. 118
6.2 Link level model	p. 122
6.2.1 Relation to other models	p. 123
6.2.2 Link level simulation chain	p. 124
6.2.3 Link level receiver components	p. 126
6.2.4 Link level receiver detectors	p. 128
6.3 Capacity considerations	p. 134
6.3.1 Capacity of a single cell system	p. 134
6.3.2 Downlink power-limited capacity	p. 134
6.3.3 Uplink power-limited capacity	p. 137
6.4 Static system level model	p. 139
6.4.1 Link level aspects	p. 140
6.4.2 Propagation data	p. 141
6.4.3 Equipment modelling	p. 142
6.4.4 Transmit powers and power control	p. 144
6.4.5 Services and user-specific properties	p. 146
6.4.6 Soft handover	p. 147
6.4.7 Complete model	p. 148
6.4.8 Applications of a static system-level network model	p. 149
6.4.9 Power control at cell level	p. 152
6.4.10 Equation system solving	p. 157
6.5 Dynamic system level model	p. 161
6.5.1 Similarities and differences between static and dynamic models	p. 161
6.5.2 Generic system model	p. 162
6.5.3 Input/output parameters	p. 164
6.5.4 Mobility models	p. 164
6.5.5 Traffic models	p. 165
6.5.6 Path loss models	p. 167
6.5.7 Shadowing models	p. 168
6.5.8 Modelling of small scale fading	p. 169
6.5.9 SIR calculalion	p. 170
References	p. 172
7 Business Modelling Goals and Methods	p. 177
7.1 Business modelling goals	p. 177
7.1.1 New business planning	p. 177
7.1.2 Infrastructure development	p. 178
7.1.3 Budgeting	p. 179
7.2 Business modelling methods	p. 179
7.2.1 Trends and statistical approach	p. 180
7.2.2 Benchmarking and drivers	p. 181
7.2.3 Detailed quantitative models	p. 181
7.2.4 Other non-quantitative methods	p. 182
References	p. 183
Part III Plannin	p. 185
8 Fundamentals of Business Planning for Mobile Networks	p. 187
8.1 Process description	p. 187
8.1.1 Market analysis and forecasting	p. 187
8.1.2 Modelling the system	p. 189
8.1.3 Financial issues	p. 190
8.1.4 Recommendations	p. 190
8.2 Technical investment calculation	p. 191
8.2.1 CAPEX calculation methods	p. 191
8.2.2 OPEX calculation methods	p. 196
8.2.3 The role of drivers: Sanity checking	p. 197
8.3 Revenue and non-technical related investment calculation	p. 198
8.3.1 Input parameters and assumptions	p. 198
8.3.2 Revenue calculation methods	p. 199
8.3.3 Non-technical related investments	p. 199
8.4 Business planning results	p. 199
8.4.1 Business plan output parameters	p. 200
8.4.2 Business plan assessment methods	p. 200
References	p. 201
9 Fundamentals of Network Characteristics	p. 203
9.1 Power characteristics estimation	p. 203
9.1.1 Distance to home base station dependency	p. 203
9.1.2 Traffic load dependency	p. 207
9.2 Network capacity considerations	p. 210
9.2.1 Irregular base station distribution grid	p. 210
9.2.2 Improper antenna azimuth arrangement	p. 212
9.3 Required minimum network size for calculations	p. 214
References	p. 218
10 Fundamentals of Practical Radio Access Network Design	p. 219
10.1 Introduction	p. 219
10.2 Input parameters	p. 222
10.2.1 Base station classification	p. 222
10.2.2 Hardware parameters	p. 222
10.2.3 Environmental specifics	p. 229
10.2.4 Technology essentials	p. 231
10.3 Network dimensioning	p. 238
10.3.1 Coverage versus capacity	p. 238
10.3.2 Cell coverage	p. 239
10.3.3 Cell Erlang capacity	p. 249
10.4 Detailed network planning	p. 251
10.4.1 Site-to-sile distance and antenna height	p. 252
10.4.2 Site location	p. 254
10.4.3 Sectorisation	p. 256
10.4.4 Antenna and sector direction	p. 259
10.4.5 Electrical and mechanical tilt	p. 260
10.4.6 Temporal aspects in HCS	p. 263
References	p. 268
11 Compatibility of UMTS Systems	p. 271
11.3 Scenarios of interference	p. 272
11.1.1 Interference between UMTS and other systems	p. 272
11.1.2 Intra-system interference	p. 274
11.2 Approaches to compatibility calculations	p. 275
11.2.1 Principles of compatibility calculations	p. 275
11.2.2 Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) method	p. 280
11.2.3 Monte Carlo (MC) method	p. 283
11.2.4 Propagation models for compatibility calculations	p. 284
11.2.5 Characteristics of UTRA stations for the compatibility calculations	p. 286
11.3 Internal electromagnetic compatibility	p. 286
11.4 External electromagnetic compatibility	p. 292
11.4.1 UMTS TDD versus DECT WLL	p. 292
11.4.2 Compatibility between UMTS and Radio Astronomy Service	p. 294
11.4.3 Compatibility between UMTS and MMDS	p. 295
11.5 Intemational cross-border coordination	p. 296
11.5.1 Principles of coordination	p. 296
11.5.2 Propagation models for coordination calculations	p. 297
11.5.3 Application of preferential frequencies	p. 298
11.5.4 Use of preferential codes	p. 300
11.5.5 Examples of coordination agreements	p. 301
References	p. 305
12 Network Design - Specialised Aspects	p. 309
12.1 Network infrastructure sharing	p. 309
12.1.1 Network sharing methods	p. 309
12.1.2 Legal aspects	p. 313
12.1.3 Drivers for sharing	p. 314
12.2 Adjacent channel interference control	p. 315
12.3 Fundamentals of Ultra High Site deployment	p. 318
References	p. 320
Part IV Optimisation	p. 321
13 Introduction to Optimisation of the UMTS Radio Network	p. 323
13.1 Automation of radio network optimisation	p. 324
13.2 What should be optimised and why?	p. 325
13.3 How do we benchmark the optimisation results?	p. 326
13.3.1 Location based information	p. 327
13.3.2 Sectors and network statistical data	p. 328
13.3.3 Cost and optimisation efforts	p. 330
References	p. 331
14 Theory of Automated Network Optimisation	p. 333
14.1 Introduction	p. 333
14.1.1 From practice to optimisation models	p. 334
14.1.2 Optimisation techniques	p. 335
14.2 Optimisation parameters for static models	p. 339
14.2.1 Site location and configuration	p. 340
14.2.2 Antenna related parameter	p. 340
14.2.3 CPICH power	p. 344
14.3 Optimisation targets and objective function	p. 345
14.3.1 Coverage	p. 345
14.3.2 Capacity	p. 346
14.3.3 Soft handover areas and pilot pollution	p. 247
14.3.4 Cost of implementation	p. 348
14.3.5 Combination and further possibilities	p. 348
14.3.6 Additional practical and technical constraints	p. 348
14.3.7 Example of objective function properties	p. 349
14.4 Network optimisation with evolutionary algorithms	p. 354
14.4.1 Genetic algorithms	p. 355
14.4.2 Evolution strategies	p. 357
14.4.3 Practical implementation of GA for tilt and CPICH	p. 361
14.5 Optimisation without simulation	p. 366
14.5.1 Geometry-based configuration methods	p. 355
14.5.2 Coverage-driven approaches	p. 368
14.5.3 Advanced models	p. 369
14.5.4 Expected coupling matrices	p. 372
14.6 Comparison and suitability of algorithms	p. 373
14.6.1 General strategies	p. 374
14.6.2 Discussion of methods	p. 374
14.6.3 Combination of methods	p. 375
References	p. 375
15 Automatic Network Design	p. 379
15.1 The key challenges in UMTS network optimisation	p. 379
15.1.1 Problem definition	p. 379
15.1.2 Matching UMTS coverage to GSM	p. 380
15.1.3 Supporting high bit rate data services	p. 381
15.1.4 Handling dual technology networks	p. 382
15.2 Engineering case studies for network optimisation	p. 382
15.2.1 Example network description	p. 383
15.2.2 Pre-launched (unloaded) network optimisation	p. 383
15.2.3 Loaded network optimisation	p. 389
15.3 Case study: optimising base station location and parameters	p. 395
15.5.1 Data setting	p. 396
15.3.2 Optimisation approach	p. 397
15.3.3 Results	p. 399
15.3.4 Conclusions	p. 402
References	p. 403
16 Auto-tuning of RRM Parameters in UMTS Networks	p. 405
16.1 Introduction	p. 405
16.2 Radio resource management for controlling network quality	p. 406
16.3 Auto-tuning of RRM parameters	p. 408
16.3.1 Parameter selection for auto-tuning	p. 408
16.3.2 Target selection for auto-tuning	p. 410
16.3.3 Fuzzy logic controllers (PLC)	p. 410
16.3.4 Case study: Auto-tuning of macrodiversity	p. 412
16.4 Optimisation strategies of the auto-tuning process	p. 415
16.4.1 Off-line optimisation using Particle Swarm approach	p. 416
16.4.2 On-line optimisation using reinforcement learning	p. 421
16.5 Conclusions	p. 425
Acknowledgement	p. 425
References	p. 425
17 UTRAN Transmission Infrastructure Planning and Optimisation	p. 427
17.1 Introduction	p. 427
17.1.1 Short UTRAN overview	p. 428
17.1.2 Requirements for UTRAN transmission infrastructure	p. 428
17.2 Protocol solutions for UTRAN transmission infrastructure	p. 430
17.2.1 Main considerations for ATM layer protocols in current 3G networks	p. 430
17.2.2 MPLS-architecture for future 3G transmissions	p. 443
17.2.3 The path to direct IP transmission networking	p. 444
17.3 End-to-end transmission dimensioning approach	p. 446
17.3.1 Dimensioning of Node B throughput	p. 446
17.3.2 Traffic dimensioning of the ATM network	p. 451
17.3.3 Traffic dimensioning of the IP-Network	p. 452
17.4 Network solutions for UTRAN transmission infrastructure	p. 456
17.4.1 Leased lines	p. 456
17.4.2 Point-to-point systems	p. 457
17.4.3 Point-to-multipoint systems - LMDS	p. 460
17.4.4 WiMAX as a potential UTRAN backhaul solution	p. 468
17.5 Efficient use of WiMAX in UTRAN	p. 472
17.5.1 Dimensioning of WiMAX for UTRAN infrastructure	p. 472
17.5.2 Current WiMAX limitations	p. 473
17.6 Cost-effective radio solution for UTRAN infrastructure	p. 474
17.6.1 RF planning aspects	p. 474
17.6.2 Throughput dimensioning	p. 475
17.6.3 Methods of finding optimal LMDS network configurations	p. 476
17.6.4 Costs evaluation of UTRAN infrastructure - software example	p. 485
17.6.5 Example calculations and comparison of results	p. 487
References	p. 493
Concluding Remarks	p. 497
Index	p. 501

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