Aircraft dynamics : from modeling to simulation

Title:

Personal Author:

Napolitano, Marcello R.

Publication Information:

Hoboken, NJ : J. Wiley, c2012

Physical Description:

xiv, 706 p. : ill. ; 29 cm.

ISBN:

9780470626672

Abstract:

"Napolitano's Aircraft Dynamics is designed to help readers extrapolate from low level formulas, equations, and details to high level comprehensive views of the main concepts. The text also helps readers in the fundamental skills of learning the "basic modeling" of aircraft aerodynamics and dynamics. The main objective is to organize the topics in "modular blocks" each of them leading to the understanding of the inner mechanisms of the aircraft aerodynamics and dynamics, eventually leading to the development of simple flight simulations schemes"-- Provided by publisher.

Subject Term:

Aerodynamics -- Mathematics

Airplanes -- Simulation methods

Structural dynamics

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010278926	TL570 N37 2012 f	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
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On Order

Summary

The 1st edition of Aircraft Dynamics: from Modeling to Simulation by Marcello R. Napolitano is an innovative textbook with specific features for assisting, motivating and engaging aeronautical/aerospace engineering students in the challenging task of understanding the basic principles of aircraft dynamics and the necessary skills for the modeling of the aerodynamic and thrust forces and moments. Additionally the textbook provides a detailed introduction to the development of simple but very effective simulation environments for today demanding students as well as professionals. The book contains an abundance of real life students sample problems and problems along with very useful Matlab® codes.

Author Notes

Marcello Napolitano is a Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at West Virgina University, and has received numerous teaching, research and professional awards, including 11 teaching awards, 4 research awards and the NASA Outstanding Service Achievement Award. He is recognized as an authority on the subject of?Aircraft Dynamics.

1 Aircraft Equations of Motion	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Reference Frames and Assumptions	p. 2
1.3 Conservation of the Linear Momentum Equations (CLMEs)	p. 3
1.4 Conservation of the Angular Momentum Equations (CAMEs)	p. 6
1.5 Conservation of the Angular Momentum Equations (CAMEs) with Rotor Effects	p. 10
1.6 Euler Angles	p. 11
1.7 Flight Path Equations (FPEs)	p. 12
1.8 Kinematic Equations (KEs)	p. 14
1.9 Gravity Equations (GEs)	p. 16
1.10 Summary of the Aircraft Equations of Motion	p. 16
1.11 Definition of Steady-State and Perturbation Conditions	p. 17
1.12 Aircraft Equations of Motion at Steady-State Conditions	p. 18
1.13 Aircraft Equations of Motion at Perturbed Conditions	p. 19
1.14 Small Perturbation Equations from a Steady-State Level Flight	p. 22
1.15 Summary	p. 23
References	p. 26
Student Sample Problems	p. 26
Problems	p. 32
2 Review of Basic Concepts of Aerodynamic Modeling	p. 37
2.1 Introduction	p. 37
2.2 Review of Key Aerodynamic Characteristics for Wing Sections	p. 37
2.3 Wing Planforms and Wing Lift Curve Slope	p. 42
2.4 Review of the Downwash Effect and Effectiveness of Control Surfaces	p. 48
2.5 Determination of the Aerodynamic Center for Wing and Wing1Fuselage	p. 53
2.6 Approaches to the Modeling of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 57
2.6.1 Wind Tunnel Analysis	p. 57
2.6.2 CFD Analysis	p. 58
2.6.3 Parameter IDentification from Flight Data	p. 59
2.6.4 Correlation from Wind Tunnel Data and Empirical "Build-Up" Analysis	p. 60
2.7 Summary	p. 60
References	p. 61
Student Sample Problems	p. 62
Problems	p. 75
3 Modeling of Longitudinal Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 78
3.1 Introduction	p. 78
3.2 Aircraft Stability Axes	p. 79
3.3 Modeling of the Longitudinal Steady-State Aerodynamic Forces and Moment	p. 79
3.4 Modeling of FAX1	p. 80
3.5 Modeling of FAZ1	p. 83
3.6 Modeling of MA1	p. 87
3.7 Aircraft Aerodynamic Center	p. 89
3.8 Summary of the Longitudinal Steady-State Aerodynamic Forces and Moment	p. 91
3.9 Modeling of the Longitudinal Small Perturbation Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 91
3.9.1 Modeling of (cD1 , cL1 , cm1)	p. 93
3.9.2 Modeling of ðcDu , cLu , cmu Þ	p. 93
3.9.3 Modeling of (cDa_ , cLa_ , cma_ ) and (cDq , cLq , cmq)	p. 94
3.10 Summary of Longitudinal Stability and Control Derivatives	p. 96
3.11 Summary	p. 100
References	p. 100
Student Sample Problems	p. 101
Case Study	p. 110
Short Problems	p. 127
Problems	p. 128
4 Modeling of Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 135
4.1 Introduction	p. 135
4.2 Modeling of FAY1	p. 137
4.2.1 Conceptual Modeling of cYß	p. 138
4.2.2 Mathematical Modeling of cYß	p. 140
4.2.3 Modeling of cYdA	p. 147
4.2.4 Modeling of cYdR	p. 147
4.3 Modeling of LA1	p. 149
4.3.1 Conceptual Modeling of clß	p. 150
4.3.2 Mathematical Modeling of clß	p. 155
4.3.3 Modeling of cldA	p. 160
4.3.4 Modeling of cldR	p. 166
4.4 Modeling of NA1	p. 168
4.4.1 Conceptual Modeling of cnß	p. 169
4.4.2 Mathematical Modeling of cnß	p. 172
4.4.3 Modeling of cndA	p. 174
4.4.4 Modeling of cndR	p. 176
4.5 Summary of the Lateral Directional Steady-State Force and Moments	p. 177
4.6 Modeling of the Small Perturbation Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Force and Moments	p. 178
4.6.1 Modeling of cYß_ , cl _ ß , cn _ ß	p. 180
4.6.2 Modeling of cYp	p. 180
4.6.3 Modeling of clp	p. 181
4.6.4 Modeling of cnp	p. 183
4.6.5 Modeling of cYr	p. 185
4.6.6 Modeling of clr	p. 185
4.6.7 Modeling of cnr	p. 187
4.7 Summary of Longitudinal and Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Stability and Control Derivatives	p. 189
4.8 Final Overview and Ranking of the Importance of the Aerodynamic Coefficients	p. 196
4.9 Summary of the Modeling of the Longitudinal and Lateral-Directional Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 198
References	p. 200
Student Sample Problems	p. 200
Case Study	p. 236
Short Problems	p. 262
Problems	p. 263
5 Review of Basic Aircraft Performance and Modeling of Thrust Forces and Moments	p. 268
5.1 Introduction	p. 268
5.2 Review of Different Aircraft Propulsion Systems	p. 268
5.2.1 Piston Engine (Propeller) Aircraft Engines	p. 269
5.2.2 Turboprop Aircraft Engines	p. 270
5.2.3 Turbojet Aircraft Engines	p. 271
5.2.4 Turbofan Aircraft Engines	p. 272
5.2.5 Ramjet Aircraft Engines	p. 273
5.3 Review of Basic Aircraft Performance	p. 273
5.4 Power at Level Flight	p. 274
5.4.1 Maximum Aerodynamic Efficiency	p. 275
5.4.2 Minimum Aerodynamic Drag	p. 275
5.4.3 Minimum Power Required	p. 277
5.5 Determination of Power Required	p. 279
5.6 Determination of Power Available	p. 282
5.7 Modeling of the Thrust Forces and Moments	p. 287
5.7.1 Modeling of the Steady-State Thrust Forces and Moments	p. 288
5.7.2 Modeling of the Small Perturbation Thrust Forces and Moments	p. 291
5.8 Summary	p. 294
References	p. 296
Student Sample Problems	p. 296
Problems	p. 304
6 Aircraft Stability and Design for Trim Conditions	p. 305
6.1 Introduction	p. 305
6.2 Concept of Aircraft Stability	p. 305
6.3 Criteria for Aircraft Static Stability	p. 306
6.3.1 Static Stability Criteria #1 (SSC #1)	p. 307
6.3.2 Static Stability Criteria #2 (SSC #2)	p. 308
6.3.3 Static Stability Criteria #3 (SSC #3)	p. 308
6.3.4 Static Stability Criteria #4 (SSC #4)	p. 309
6.3.5 Static Stability Criteria #5 (SSC #5)	p. 310
6.3.6 Static Stability Criteria #5, #6, and #7 (SSC #5, SSC #6, SSC #7)	p. 311
6.3.7 Static Stability Criteria #9 (SSC #9)	p. 311
6.3.8 Static Stability Criteria #10 (SSC #10)	p. 312
6.4 Longitudinal Analysis of Steady-State Straight Flight	p. 313
6.5 Lift Chart and Trim Diagram	p. 322
6.5.1 Lift Chart	p. 322
6.5.2 Trim Diagram	p. 324
6.5.3 Trim Diagrams for Different Classes of Aircraft	p. 329
6.5.4 Trim Diagrams for Thrust Axis Above/Below Center of Gravity	p. 329
6.6 Lateral Directional Analysis of Steady-State Straight Flight	p. 332
6.7 Summary	p. 340
References	p. 340
Student Sample Problems	p. 340
Problems	p. 349
7 Solution of the Aircraft Equations of Motion Based on Laplace Transformations and Transfer Functions	p. 352
7.1 Introduction	p. 352
7.2 Application of Laplace Transformations to the Longitudinal Small Perturbation Equations	p. 353
7.3 RouthHurwitz Analysis of the Longitudinal Stability	p. 358
7.4 Longitudinal Dynamic Modes: Short Period and Phugoid	p. 360
7.5 Solution of the Longitudinal Equations	p. 361
7.6 Short Period Approximation	p. 363
7.7 Phugoid Approximation	p. 366
7.8 Summary of the Longitudinal Equations	p. 369
7.9 Application of Laplace Transformations to the Lateral Directional Small Perturbation Equations	p. 371
7.10 RouthHurwitz Analysis of the Lateral Directional Stability	p. 376
7.11 Lateral Directional Dynamic Modes: Rolling, Spiral, and Dutch Roll	p. 377
7.12 Solution of the Lateral Directional Equations	p. 379
7.13 Rolling Approximation	p. 382
7.14 Summary of Lateral Directional Equations	p. 385
7.15 Sensitivity Analysis for the Aircraft Dynamics	p. 386
7.15.1 Short Period Sensitivity Analysis	p. 387
7.15.2 Phugoid Sensitivity Analysis	p. 394
7.15.3 Sensitivity Analysis for the Lateral Directional Parameters	p. 398
7.16 Summary	p. 407
References	p. 407
Student Sample Problems	p. 407
Problems	p. 430
8 State Variable Modeling of the Aircraft Dynamics	p. 432
8.1 Introduction	p. 432
8.2 Introduction to State Variables for Nonlinear Systems	p. 433
8.3 Introduction to State Variables for Linear/Linearized Systems	p. 433
8.4 State Variable Modeling of the Longitudinal Dynamics	p. 435
8.5 State Variable Modeling of the Lateral Directional Dynamics	p. 440
8.6 Augmentation of the Aircraft State Variable Modeling	p. 445
8.6.1 Modeling of the Altitude ðhÞ	p. 445
8.6.2 Modeling of the Flight Path Angle ð?Þ	p. 446
8.6.3 Modeling of the Engine Dynamics	p. 446
8.6.4 Modeling of the Actuator Dynamics	p. 446
8.6.5 Modeling of the Atmospheric Turbulence	p. 447
8.7 Summary of State Variable Modeling of the Aircraft Dynamics	p. 447
8.8 Summary	p. 450
References	p. 450
Student Sample Problems	p. 450
Problems	p. 470
9 Introduction to Modern Flight Simulation Codes	p. 476
9.1 Introduction	p. 476
9.2 Introduction to the Flight Dynamics & Control (FDC) Toolbox	p. 479
9.2.1 Equations of Motion within the FDC Simulation Environment	p. 479
9.2.2 FDC Modeling of Beaver Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 483
9.2.3 Alternative Approach for FDC Modeling of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 485
9.2.4 Case Study #1: FDC Modeling of Look-Up Tables Based Aerodynamic Coefficients	p. 486
9.2.5 FDC Modeling of the Gravity Force	p. 493
9.2.6 FDC Modeling of the Atmospheric Turbulence Force	p. 493
9.2.7 FDC Modeling of the Beaver Propulsive Forces and Moments	p. 494
9.2.8 Case Study #2: FDC Modeling of Propulsive Forces and Moments	p. 496
9.2.9 Auxiliary FDC Blocks	p. 498
9.2.10 Additional FDC Blocks	p. 503
9.3 Introduction to the Aerospace Blockset by Mathworks	p. 503
9.3.1 General Organization of the Aerospace Blockset	p. 503
9.3.2 Introduction to the Environment Library	p. 504
9.3.3 Introduction to the Flight Parameters Library	p. 506
9.3.4 Introduction to the Equations of Motion Library	p. 506
9.3.5 Introduction to the Aerodynamics Library	p. 508
9.3.6 Introduction to the Propulsion Library	p. 508
9.3.7 Introduction to the Utilities Library	p. 509
9.3.8 Introduction to the Mass Properties Library	p. 510
9.3.9 Introduction to the Actuators Library	p. 511
9.3.10 Introduction to the GNC and Animation Libraries	p. 511
9.4 Introduction to AIRLIB	p. 512
9.4.1 AIRLIB's Strucure	p. 512
9.4.2 Generic Aircraft Model: Continuous-time Block	p. 512
9.4.3 Generic Aircraft Model: Discrete-time Block	p. 515
9.4.4 Collection of Aircraft Models	p. 516
9.4.5 Alternative Model Implementation	p. 517
9.4.6 Additional Tools within AIRLIB: The Function 'air3m'	p. 517
9.4.7 Additional Tools within AIRLIB: The Function 'ab2dv'	p. 518
9.5 Summary	p. 518
References	p. 518
Student Sample Problems	p. 519
10 Pilot Ratings and Aircraft Handling Qualities	p. 523
10.1 Introduction	p. 523
10.2 Aircraft Flight Envelope	p. 524
10.3 Levels of Aircraft Flying Qualities: Cooper-Harper Pilot Rating	p. 526
10.3.1 Aircraft Control Authority	p. 526
10.3.2 Pilot Workload	p. 526
10.3.3 Pilot Compensation	p. 529
10.3.4 Levels of Flying Qualities	p. 529
10.4 Classes of Aircraft	p. 531
10.5 Classification of Aircraft Maneuvers and Mission Profile	p. 531
10.6 Flying Quality Requirements for the Longitudinal Dynamics	p. 532
10.6.1 Longitudinal Control Forces	p. 533
10.6.2 Requirements for the Damping for the Phugoid Mode	p. 535
10.6.3 Requirements for the Short Period Mode	p. 536
10.7 Flying Quality Requirements for the Lateral Directional Dynamics	p. 536
10.7.1 Lateral Directional Control Forces	p. 536
10.7.2 Requirements for the Dutch Roll Mode	p. 538
10.7.3 Requirements for the Spiral Mode	p. 539
10.7.4 Requirements for the Rolling Mode	p. 539
10.7.5 Requirements for the Roll Control Effectiveness	p. 539
10.7.6 Additional Requirements for Steady Sideslips	p. 541
10.8 Summary	p. 541
References	p. 541
Appendix A Review of Useful Topics	p. 543
Appendix A.1 Review of Vector Operations	p. 544
Appendix A.2 Review of Matrix Operations	p. 548
Appendix A.3 Review of Center of Gravity and Inertial Properties	p. 558
Appendix A.4 Review of Application of Laplace Transform to Linear Constant Coefficients Differential Equations	p. 564
Appendix A.5 Review of First and Second Order Systems	p. 575
Appendix A.6 Review of Standard Atmospheric Model	p. 581
Appendix B Data for Different Aircraft	p. 584
Appendix B.1 Introduction	p. 584
Appendix B.2 Aircraft 1-Cessna 182	p. 586
Appendix B.3 Aircraft 2-Cessna 310	p. 589
Appendix B.4 Aircraft 3-Beech 99	p. 592
Appendix B.5 Aircraft 4-Cessna T37-A	p. 595
Appendix B.6 Aircraft 5-Cessna 620	p. 598
Appendix B.7 Aircraft 6-Learjet 24	p. 601
Appendix B.8 Aircraft 7-Boeing 747-200	p. 604
Appendix B.9 Aircraft 8-SIAI Marchetti S-211	p. 607
Appendix B.10 Aircraft 9-Lockheed F-104	p. 610
Appendix B.11 Aircraft 10-McDonnell Douglas F-4	p. 613
Reference	p. 615
Appendix C Detailed Drawings for Different Aircraft	p. 616
Appendix C.1 Introduction	p. 617
Appendix C.2 Aircraft 1-Aeritalia Fiat G-91	p. 618
Appendix C.3 Aircraft 2-Beech 99	p. 621
Appendix C.4 Aircraft 3-Boeing B52	p. 624
Appendix C.5 Aircraft 4-Boeing B727-200	p. 627
Appendix C.6 Aircraft 5-Boeing B737-600	p. 630
Appendix C.7 Aircraft 6-Boeing B747-200	p. 633
Appendix C.8 Aircraft 7-Boeing B757-200	p. 637
Appendix C.9 Aircraft 8-Boeing B767-200	p. 640
Appendix C.10 Aircraft 9-Cessna Citation CJ3	p. 643
Appendix C.11 Aircraft 10-Cessna T37	p. 645
Appendix C.12 Aircraft 11-General Dynamics F-16	p. 649
Appendix C.13 Aircraft 12-Grumman F-14	p. 652
Appendix C.14 Aircraft 13-Learjet 24	p. 655
Appendix C.15 Aircraft 14-Lockheed F-104	p. 658
Appendix C.16 Aircraft 15-Lockheed F-22	p. 661
Appendix C.17 Aircraft 16-Lockheed L-1011	p. 664
Appendix C.18 Aircraft 17-McDonnell Douglas C-17	p. 667
Appendix C.19 Aircraft 18-McDonnell Douglas DC-8	p. 670
Appendix C.20 Aircraft 19.1-McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 10	p. 673
Appendix C.21 Aircraft 19.2-McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 30	p. 677
Appendix C.22 Aircraft 19.3-McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 40	p. 679
Appendix C.23 Aircraft 19.4-McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 50	p. 681
Appendix C.24 Aircraft 20-McDonnell Douglas DC-10	p. 683
Appendix C.25 Aircraft 21-McDonnell Douglas F-4	p. 686
Appendix C.26 Aircraft 22-McDonnell Douglas F-15	p. 689
Appendix C.27 Aircraft 23-Rockwell B-1	p. 692
Appendix C.28 Aircraft 24-SIAI Marchetti S211	p. 695
Appendix C.29 Aircraft 25-Supermarine Spitfire	p. 699
Index	p. 703

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Table of Contents