Energy supply and pipeline transportation : challenges and opportunities : an overview of energy supply security and pipeline transportation

Focusing on the economic and global issues pertaining to delivery of energy resources, particularly fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal, this book contains a wealth of data and graphical materials based on many years of research in the energy supply and transportation field. The book will cover four major topics: Energy Sources and Supplies, Market Demand by Region, Energy Transportation Modes & Issues, and Pipeline Transportation. The primary audience for this book includes engineering designers, planners, managers and executives in the pipeline, oil & gas, and coal industries, including both energy suppliers and producers, as well as researchers in the field who are concerned with current and future economic and global trends. Graduate students and early-career engineers may also find this to be a useful overview and introduction to the energy supply industry.

Foreword from TransCanada Pipelines	p. v
Foreword from The Canadian Petroleum Institute
Chapter 1 Energy Options & Terms: An Introduction	p. 1
Energy Strategic Value	p. 1
Renewables Versus Nonrenewables	p. 2
Energy Content Comparison	p. 4
Exploration For Fossil Fuel	p. 5
Energy Generation Options	p. 7
Greenhouse gas Emission	p. 8
References	p. 9
Chapter 2 Energy Sources & Supplies	p. 11
An Overview of World Energy	p. 11
World Energy Sources	p. 13
World Energy Consumption	p. 13
Energy Market Regions-Source Locations	p. 17
References	p. 19
Chapter 3 Coal As An Energy Source	p. 21
Coal Classification, Analysis & Energy Release	p. 24
Classification	p. 24
Analysis	p. 26
Coal Heating Value Estimation	p. 27
World Coal Reserves, Production and Usage	p. 29
Reserves	p. 29
China	p. 32
Reserves	p. 32
Consumption	p. 33
United States	p. 34
U.S. Consumption (Comparison to Global Usage)	p. 36
India	p. 37
Global Coal Usage & Conversion Option	p. 39
Coal Trade & Transportation	p. 40
Trade	p. 40
Transportation	p. 42
Coal Challenges and Issues as an Energy Source	p. 45
Environmental Effects	p. 45
Coal Mining and Transportation Hazards	p. 49
Interruption	p. 50
References	p. 51
Chapter 4 Oil And Gas as Energy Source	p. 53
Oil Reserves, Production & Market	p. 53
Natural Gas Reserves and Markets	p. 55
Natural Gas Use by Sectors	p. 58
Drivers of Natural Gas Demand Growth	p. 59
References	p. 59
Chapter 5 Green House Gas (CO 2 ) Emission	p. 61
Greenhouses Gases	p. 61
Historical Records	p. 63
CO 2 Chronology	p. 63
Fossil Fuel Emission Record	p. 64
CO 2 Emission	p. 64
Carbon Dioxide Emission and Global Economic Consequences	p. 67
World's Top 10 Most Polluted Places A Method for Calculation of CO 2 Emission	p. 71
Other Greenhouse Gas Calculation Methodology	p. 72
Emission Calculations for Hydrocarbon Fuels	p. 72
Calculation example	p. 73
Global CO 2 Emission Ranking	p. 74
Conclusion & Issues For Discussion	p. 76
Key issues	p. 76
References	p. 76
Chapter 6 Oil & Gas Transportation Modes	p. 79
Major Location Oil and Gas Sources	p. 79
Forms of Natural Gas Transportation	p. 83
Natural Gas Pipelines	p. 84
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)	p. 84
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)	p. 84
Gas Hydrates	p. 85
Gas-to-Liquids (GTL)	p. 87
References	p. 89
Chapter 7 Security of Supply & Transportation- Safety Records	p. 91
Security of Supply	p. 91
Transportation Safety Records	p. 94
Oil Supply Disruption & Piracy	p. 96
Conclusion and Issues to Consider	p. 99
References	p. 100
Chapter 8 Pipeline As a Mode of Energy Transportation	p. 101
Historical Perspective of Pipeline Development	p. 101
Pipeline Origin	p. 101
Natural Gas Pipeline Development	p. 104
World Overview of Existing Pipeline Infrastructure	p. 105
Pipeline Networks at a Glance	p. 105
Existing Pipeline Infrastructure Statistic	p. 107
Pipeline Safety Records	p. 109
General	p. 109
Oil Pipelines	p. 114
Natural Gas Pipelines	p. 116
Pipeline Safety Concerns, Issues & Conclusion	p. 118
Pipeline Development	p. 119
Pipeline Development Phases	p. 119
Business Development	p. 119
Project Development	p. 119
Pipeline Implementation	p. 121
Operation & Maintenance	p. 124
Pipeline Industry Concerns/Issues	p. 130
General	p. 130
Current Issues	p. 131
Cost & Economic Factor	p. 131
Pressure and Material	p. 133
Safety &Environment	p. 135
Security of Physical Assets	p. 141
Security Issues	p. 145
Regulatory Environment	p. 148
System Reliability	p. 151
Conclusion and Issues to Consider	p. 153
References	p. 154
Appendix A Pipeline System Design, Construction and Operation Rationalization	p. 157
Influencing Elements	p. 157
Design Considerations	p. 157
Nature of Fluid	p. 157
Service Environment	p. 158
Effects of Pressure and Temperature	p. 158
Pipe Properties/Material	p. 160
Supply/Demand Scenario, Route and Construction	p. 163
Codes and Standards	p. 164
Environmental Impact	p. 164
Economics	p. 164
Direct Costs	p. 165
Indirect Costs	p. 165
Tariff/Cost of Service	p. 165
Operation	p. 166
Protection	p. 168
Integrity Monitoring	p. 170
Integrity Assessment Methods	p. 171
Risk Assessments	p. 172
Pipeline Repairs	p. 172
Conclusion	p. 173
Acknowledgement	p. 174
Nomenclature	p. 174
References	p. 174
Appendix B Glossary of Some Energy-Related Terms	p. 177
Appendix C Energy Related Abbreviations	p. 201
Appendix D Specialty Pipelines	p. 205
D1 European Network of Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen and CO 2 Pipelines	p. 205
D2 World Hydrogen Pipeline Experience	p. 207
D3 Liquefied Petroleum Pipelines (LPG)	p. 207
D4 Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Pipelines	p. 208
References	p. 208
Index	p. 209

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