River diversions : a design guide

River diversions: A design guide covers all aspects of river diversion design including technical, construction and legal matters in one concise volume. This essential book provides guidance on the design of river diversions taking into account the wide range of issues that must be considered in the planning, design and construction.Split into four parts this authoritative volume begins with an overall view on the issues to be addressed in river diversion design, details of data requirements and outline design procedure.

Illustrations	p. xiii
Part A Feasibility and planning	p. 1
1. Introduction	p. 3
1.1. Background	p. 5
1.2. Types of river diversion	p. 5
1.3. Scope of the guide	p. 7
1.4. How to use the guide	p. 9
2. Outline design	p. 11
2.1. Introduction	p. 13
2.2. General procedure	p. 14
2.2.1. Technical	p. 14
2.2.2. Environmental	p. 15
2.2.3. Consultation	p. 15
2.2.4. Legislation	p. 15
2.3. Data collection	p. 16
2.3.1. Catchment management	p. 16
2.3.2. Geomorphology	p. 17
2.3.3. Hydrological and hydraulic data	p. 19
2.3.4. Engineering data	p. 20
2.3.5. Environmental data	p. 21
2.4. Outline design	p. 22
2.4.1. Site selection and layout	p. 22
2.4.2. Flow rate	p. 25
2.4.3. Hydraulic design	p. 25
2.4.4. Environmental aspects	p. 27
2.4.5. Operation and maintenance	p. 29
Part B Detailed design	p. 31
3. Design flow rate	p. 33
3.1. Flood flows	p. 36
3.1.1. Design flood	p. 36
3.1.2. Use of gauged data	p. 36
3.2. Bankfull flow	p. 37
3.3. Temporary river diversions	p. 37
3.4. Low flows	p. 37
4. Detailed channel design	p. 39
4.1. Boundary conditions	p. 41
4.1.1. Tailwater elevation	p. 41
4.1.2. Normal depth method	p. 41
4.1.3. Backwater method	p. 42
4.1.4. Observations	p. 42
4.2. Plan form	p. 42
4.3. Channel cross-section shape	p. 43
4.4. Sizing the channel	p. 43
4.4.1. Hydraulic capacity	p. 44
4.4.2. Bed slope	p. 45
4.5. Flow velocity	p. 46
4.6. Channel resistance	p. 46
4.7. Environmental features	p. 48
4.7.1. Pools and riffles	p. 48
4.7.2. Current deflectors/groynes	p. 49
4.7.3. Low stone weirs	p. 50
4.7.4. Vegetation	p. 52
4.7.5. River margins--shallows, bays, backwaters and berms	p. 53
4.7.6. Shoals and islands	p. 53
4.8. Bank protection	p. 54
4.9. Water quality aspects of design	p. 58
4.9.1. Chemical water quality	p. 58
4.9.2. Oxygen	p. 59
4.9.3. Nitrates	p. 60
4.9.4. Phosphates	p. 60
4.10. Environmental factors	p. 60
4.10.1. Fisheries	p. 61
4.10.2. Flora and fauna	p. 61
4.10.3. Algae growth and eutrophication	p. 62
4.10.4. Wetlands	p. 63
4.10.5. Archaeology and cultural heritage	p. 64
4.10.6. Landscape and recreation	p. 64
5. In-channel structures	p. 65
5.1. Control structures	p. 67
5.1.1. Calculation of flow at a control structure	p. 68
5.1.2. Fixed weirs	p. 68
5.1.3. Moveable weirs	p. 72
5.1.4. Flumes	p. 73
5.1.5. Gated structures	p. 73
5.1.6. Orifices, pipes and culverts	p. 74
5.1.7. Air-regulated siphons	p. 75
5.1.8. Dams for diversion purposes	p. 75
5.2. Crossing structures	p. 76
5.2.1. Bridges	p. 76
5.2.2. Culverts	p. 76
5.3. Maintenance of passage structures	p. 77
5.3.1. Fish passes	p. 77
5.3.2. Navigation lock	p. 78
5.4. Inlet structures	p. 78
5.4.1. Location and alignment	p. 79
5.4.2. Transition and entrance	p. 80
5.4.3. Outlet structures	p. 81
6. Sediment transport	p. 83
6.1. Introduction	p. 85
6.2. Initiation of motion	p. 86
6.3. Sediment transport in non-cohesive, uniform sediments	p. 88
6.3.1. Bed load	p. 89
6.3.2. Suspended load	p. 89
6.3.3. Wash load	p. 89
6.3.4. Total load	p. 89
6.4. Application and use of sediment transport formulae	p. 89
6.5. Graded sediments	p. 90
6.6. Cohesive sediments	p. 90
6.7. Alluvial friction	p. 91
6.8. Regime theory	p. 91
6.8.1. Application of regime theory	p. 92
Part C Construction	p. 93
7. Construction issues	p. 95
7.1. Introduction	p. 97
7.2. Environmental considerations	p. 97
7.3. Duration and season	p. 98
7.3.1. Permanent diversion channels	p. 98
7.3.2. Temporary diversion channels	p. 98
7.4. Form of construction	p. 98
7.4.1. Permanent diversion channels	p. 98
7.4.2. Temporary diversion channels	p. 99
7.5. Ground conditions	p. 99
7.6. Groundwater	p. 100
7.7. Water quality	p. 100
7.8. Pumping	p. 101
7.8.1. Temporary diversion channels	p. 102
7.9. Risk and integrity of works	p. 102
7.10. Storage and disposal of material	p. 102
7.10.1. Permanent diversion channels	p. 102
7.10.2. Temporary diversion channels	p. 102
7.11. Stability of banks	p. 103
7.11.1. Permanent diversion channels	p. 103
7.11.2. Temporary diversion channels	p. 103
7.12. Access	p. 104
7.13. Security	p. 104
8. Health and safety on site	p. 105
8.1. Introduction	p. 107
8.2. The health and safety plan--method statements	p. 108
8.2.1. Role of the designer	p. 109
8.3. Working on, over or in water	p. 109
8.3.1. Potential hazards	p. 109
8.3.2. Common health and safety failings	p. 110
8.3.3. Potential diseases	p. 110
8.3.4. Reducing water associated risks	p. 111
8.4. Legal considerations	p. 111
8.5. Excavations in river diversions	p. 112
8.5.1. Introduction	p. 112
8.5.2. Considerations prior to excavating	p. 112
8.5.3. Ground conditions	p. 113
8.5.4. Surface and groundwater levels	p. 113
8.5.5. Soil type	p. 114
8.5.6. Contaminated sites	p. 114
8.5.7. Services	p. 114
8.5.8. Trenches	p. 115
8.5.9. Cofferdams	p. 115
8.5.10. Caissons	p. 117
8.5.11. Excavation-related monitoring	p. 118
8.6. Confined spaces	p. 119
8.6.1. Pipelines	p. 119
8.7. Working next to roads and railways	p. 120
Part D Legislation	p. 121
9. Legal responsibilities and planning	p. 123
9.1. The Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food	p. 125
9.2. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions	p. 126
9.3. The Scottish Executive	p. 126
9.4. The Environment Agency	p. 126
9.5. Internal Drainage Boards	p. 127
9.6. Local authorities	p. 128
9.6.1. London authorities	p. 128
9.7. Particular circumstances	p. 128
9.7.1. Culverts	p. 128
9.7.2. Powers of diversion for highway authorities	p. 129
9.8. Planning permission	p. 129
9.8.1. Environmental Impact Assessment	p. 130
9.8.2. Procedure	p. 130
10. References	p. 131
Appendices	p. 137
Appendix 1. Methods for calculating the tailwater elevation	p. 139
Appendix 2. Roughness coefficients for natural channels	p. 145
Appendix 3. Legislation and statutes	p. 147
Appendix 4. Examples of river diversions	p. 151
Index	p. 173

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