Fundamentals of occupational safety and health

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The fourth edition of this popular handbook provides a thorough and up-to-date overview of the occupational safety and health field and the issues safety professionals face today.

An excellent introductory reference for both students and professionals, this comprehensive book provides practical information regarding technology, management, and regulatory compliance issues, covering crucial topics like organizing, staffing, directing, and evaluating the system. This book also covers the required written programs for general industry, identifying when they are needed and which major points must be addressed for each.

All major topics are addressed in this comprehensive volume, from safety-related laws and regulations to hazardous materials and workplace violence. Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health includes a chapter covering the issues and concerns raised by the threat of terrorism. This Fourth Edition also examines OSHA's recordkeeping standard so readers will know which industries are covered and what they must do to comply. It also covers the required written programs for general industry, identifying when they are needed and which major points must be addressed for each.

A handy directory of resources including safety and health associations, First Responder organizations, as well as state and federal agencies, puts a wealth of information at the readers' fingertips.

Author Notes

Mark A. Friend is professor of Safety and Chair of the Department of Applied Aviation Sciences at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida
James P. Kohn was associate professor of Industrial Technology at Eastern Carolina University and president of OccuSafe Service Corporation

Burton R. Ogle, Ph.D., CIH, CSP and Tracy L. Zontek, Ph.D., CIH, CSPCeleste A. Winterberger, Ph.D.Earl Blair, Ed.D., CSPJ. Brett Carruthers, CSP and Mark Friend, EdD, CSPMark A. Friend and Dan Nelson and William Walker

Preface	p. xix
About the Authors	p. xxi
Acknowledgments	p. xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health	p. 1
Chapter Objectives	p. 1
Case Study	p. 1
Occupational Safety and Health	p. 2
Importance of Occupational Safety and Health	p. 3
Early Historical Examination of Occupational Safety and Health	p. 4
Ancient Greek and Roman Physicians	p. 4
The European Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution	p. 5
Terms and Concepts in the Safety Profession	p. 8
Job Titles of Individuals Performing Occupational Safety and Health Activities	p. 10
The Safety and Health Professional's Role and Responsibility	p. 11
Conclusion	p. 18
Questions	p. 18
References	p. 18
Bibliography	p. 18
Chapter 2 Safety Legislation	p. 21
Chapter Objectives	p. 21
Case Study	p. 21
Legislative History	p. 21
Occupational Safety and Health Act	p. 24
Who Is Covered?	p. 25
OSHA Standards	p. 27
Origin of OSHA Standards	p. 27
Horizontal and Vertical Standards	p. 28
Finding the OSHA Act	p. 28
Specific Requirements of the Act	p. 29
Employer Responsibilities and Rights	p. 30
Inspections	p. 31
Inspection Process	p. 32
Citations and Penalties	p. 34
Appeals Process	p. 36
OSHA-Approved State Programs	p. 37
Standards Development	p. 37
Other Considerations	p. 38
NIOSH and OSHRC	p. 38
Future Trends	p. 39
Conclusion	p. 40
Questions	p. 40
References	p. 41
Bibliography	p. 41
Chapter 3 Workers' Compensation and Recordkeeping	p. 43
Chapter Objectives	p. 43
Case Study	p. 43
Early Workers' Compensation Laws	p. 43
Modern Workers' Compensation Laws	p. 45
Exemptions	p. 47
Premium Calculation	p. 48
Experienced Modification	p. 48
Retrospective Rating	p. 48
Self-Insured	p. 49
Recordkeeping	p. 49
Case Study	p. 49
Background	p. 49
Who Must Keep Records	p. 50
Forms	p. 51
OSHA 300, 300A, and 301 Forms	p. 51
Recordable Occupational Injuries and Illnesses	p. 51
First Aid Cases	p. 55
Fatalities	p. 56
Privacy Concern Cases	p. 56
Posting Annual Summary Requirements	p. 56
Conclusion	p. 57
Questions	p. 57
References	p. 58
Bibliography	p. 58
Chapter 4 Safety-Related Business Laws	p. 59
Chapter Objectives	p. 59
Case Study	p. 59
Important Terminology	p. 60
Role of the Safety Professional	p. 64
Product Liability	p. 65
Product Safety Act	p. 65
Theories of Product Liability	p. 66
Lawsuits	p. 68
Contracts	p. 69
Insurance	p. 71
Conclusion	p. 72
Questions	p. 72
References	p. 73
Chapter 5 Accident Causation and Investigation: Theory and Application	p. 75
Chapter Objectives	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
The Concepts of Risk, Incidents, and Accidents	p. 78
Accident Causation Theories	p. 82
Single Factor Theory	p. 82
Domino Theories	p. 83
Heinrich's Domino Theory	p. 83
Bird and Loftus' Domino Theory	p. 86
Marcum's Domino Theory	p. 86
Multiple Causation Accident Theories	p. 88
Multiple Factors Theory	p. 88
Systems Theory of Causation	p. 89
Psychological/Behavioral Accident Causation Theories	p. 89
Goals Freedom Alertness Theory	p. 89
Motivation Reward Satisfaction Model	p. 90
Human Factors Theory	p. 90
Energy-Related Accident Causation Theories	p. 91
Energy Release Theory	p. 91
Incident Investigation	p. 92
Conclusion	p. 98
Questions	p. 99
References	p. 99
Bibliography	p. 99
Chapter 6 Introduction to Industrial Hygiene	p. 101
Chapter Objectives	p. 101
Case Study	p. 102
What Is Industrial Hygiene?	p. 103
What Do We Mean by the "Art" of Industrial Hygiene?	p. 104
What about the Science of Industrial Hygiene?	p. 105
What Are the Health Hazards That the IH Is Charged with Recognizing, Evaluating, and Controlling?	p. 105
History of Industrial Hygiene	p. 106
Toxicology	p. 107
Routes of Entry	p. 108
Acute and Chronic Exposures	p. 109
Chemical Interactions	p. 110
Classification of Toxic Materials	p. 111
Toxicity versus Risk	p. 114
Precautionary Principle	p. 114
Industrial Hygiene Practice	p. 115
Recognition	p. 115
Evaluation	p. 118
Control	p. 121
Conclusion	p. 123
Questions	p. 123
Bibliography	p. 124
Chapter 7 Ergonomics and Safety Management	p. 127
Chapter Objectives	p. 127
Case Study	p. 127
Introduction to Ergonomics	p. 128
Definition of the Term "Ergonomics"	p. 129
Ergonomics Is Multidisciplinary	p. 129
Ergonomics Objective	p. 129
Applying Ergonomics: An Overview	p. 130
Applying Ergonomics: In Detail	p. 131
Operator-Machine Systems	p. 131
People Variables	p. 132
Anthropometry	p. 132
Biomechanics	p. 135
Classification of Body Movement, Postures, and Positions	p. 136
Physiological Categories of Movement	p. 136
Abduction/Adduction	p. 141
Circumduction	p. 141
Flexion/Extension	p. 141
Neutral Plane/Deviation	p. 141
Rotation	p. 141
Supination/Pronation	p. 142
Operational Categories of Movement	p. 142
Additional Characteristics of the People Variable	p. 143
Cumulative Trauma Disorders	p. 143
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome	p. 144
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome	p. 144
Tendonitis	p. 144
Tenosynovitis	p. 144
CTD Symptoms	p. 145
Machine Variables	p. 147
Environmental Variables	p. 148
Workplace Layout and Design	p. 149
Interventions-Workstations	p. 149
Interventions-Manual Material Handling	p. 151
Interventions-Video Display Terminal Workstation Design	p. 152
Conclusion	p. 155
Questions	p. 156
References	p. 157
Bibliography	p. 158
Chapter 8 Fire Prevention and Protection	p. 159
Chapter Objectives	p. 159
Case Study	p. 159
Fire Tetrahedron	p. 161
Categories of Fires and Extinguishers	p. 163
National Fire Protection Association	p. 165
Standards and Codes	p. 166
NFPA 70	p. 166
NFPA 101	p. 167
NFPA 30	p. 167
NFPA 13	p. 167
NFPA 58	p. 168
NFPA 99	p. 168
Educational Materials	p. 168
NFPA 704	p. 168
DOT Marking System	p. 171
OSHA Regulations	p. 173
Fire Case History	p. 178
Managing the Fire Program	p. 179
Written Program	p. 180
Conclusion	p. 181
Questions	p. 181
References	p. 182
Bibliography	p. 182
Chapter 9 System Safety	p. 183
Chapter Objectives	p. 183
Case Study	p. 183
Definitions	p. 184
History of System Safety	p. 186
Importance of System Safety Today	p. 187
System Life Cycle	p. 188
Management of System Safety	p. 190
Organizational Location	p. 191
Organizational Interfaces	p. 191
Implementation Difficulties	p. 191
Elements of a System-Safety Program Plan (SSPP)	p. 192
Tools and Techniques	p. 193
Preliminary Hazard Analysis	p. 193
Subsystem Hazard Analysis	p. 194
Hazard Analysis Techniques	p. 195
Technic of Operations Review (TOR)	p. 197
Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP)	p. 198
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)	p. 199
Fault Hazard Analysis (FHA)	p. 200
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)	p. 201
Job Safety Analysis	p. 202
Reasons for Conducting a JSA	p. 202
Who Should Conduct JSAs?	p. 203
Procedures and Various Methods Used to Perform JSAs	p. 203
Various Methods for Performing JSAs	p. 204
Selecting the Job	p. 205
Completing the JSA	p. 208
Effectively Using a JSA in Loss Prevention	p. 208
An Example	p. 209
Accident Investigation	p. 209
Accident Types	p. 209
Conclusion	p. 213
Questions	p. 213
References	p. 214
Bibliography	p. 214
Chapter 10 Managing the Safety Function	p. 215
Chapter Objectives	p. 215
Case Study	p. 215
Planning	p. 215
Organizing	p. 217
Controlling	p. 220
Directing	p. 226
Staffing	p. 226
Communications	p. 227
Evaluation of the System	p. 227
OSHA Guidelines	p. 229
Conclusion	p. 230
Questions	p. 231
Bibliography	p. 231
Chapter 11 Psychology and Safety: The Human Element in Loss Prevention	p. 233
Chapter Objectives	p. 233
Case Studies	p. 233
Introduction	p. 234
Basic Terminology	p. 234
Motivation	p. 235
Goal-Directed School	p. 236
Maslow's Needs-Hierarchy Theory	p. 236
McClelland's Need-Achievement Theory	p. 238
Herzberg's Motivation Hygiene Theory	p. 239
Behavioral School	p. 241
Pavlov	p. 241
Skinner	p. 241
The Rational Employee: Applying Motivation Theories	p. 243
Organizational Environment and the Safety Culture	p. 244
Incentives versus Inherent Reinforcement	p. 247
Employee Empowerment and Job Enrichment	p. 248
Conclusion	p. 249
Questions	p. 250
References	p. 250
Bibliography	p. 250
Chapter 12 Improving Safety Performance with Behavior-Based Safety	p. 253
Chapter Objectives	p. 253
Introduction	p. 253
Misconceptions about Behavioral Safety	p. 254
Basic Definitions and Terminology	p. 256
Principles and Strategies of Behavioral Safety	p. 257
Common Problems with Safety Efforts	p. 257
A Process Focusing on Improving Safety Behavior	p. 259
Behavior Sampling for Proactive Measures	p. 260
Employee-Driven Processes and Partial Empowerment	p. 261
Implementing Behavioral Approaches	p. 262
How to Implement Behavioral Safety-Common Steps	p. 262
How to Conduct a Safety Assessment	p. 263
Developing an Inventory of Critical Safety-Related Behaviors	p. 265
What Are Critical Behaviors and Why Develop an Inventory of Critical Behaviors?	p. 266
How Can We Identify Critical Behaviors?	p. 266
Steps of the Observation Process	p. 267
Steps for Continuous Improvement	p. 268
Safety Coaching	p. 269
Steps in the Coaching Process	p. 270
How to Provide Meaningful Feedback	p. 271
Common Performance Metrics for Behavioral Safety	p. 272
Potential Barriers to Successful Implementation of Behavioral Safety	p. 273
Success Factors for Behavioral Safety	p. 275
Conclusion	p. 278
Questions	p. 278
References	p. 279
Chapter 13 Workplace Violence	p. 281
Chapter Objectives	p. 281
Case Study	p. 281
Introduction	p. 282
Nighttime Retailing	p. 282
Workplace Epidemic of Violence	p. 285
Background	p. 286
High-Risk Workplaces	p. 286
High-Risk Occupations	p. 286
Cost to Business	p. 287
Victimization of the American Workforce	p. 288
Severity of Victimization	p. 288
Profile of Victims	p. 289
Formula for Failure	p. 290
The Ingredients List	p. 290
Baking the Ingredients	p. 291
Recognizing the Potential Aggressor	p. 291
Disgruntled Employee Red Flags	p. 291
Employee Disenchantment	p. 292
Revenge	p. 293
Violence	p. 294
Defusing a Time Bomb: The Violent Employee	p. 295
Nonharassment Policy	p. 295
Pre-Employment Screening	p. 296
Drug Testing	p. 297
Employee and Management Training	p. 297
Crisis Management Planning	p. 297
Proper Security Measures	p. 299
Liaison with Local Law Enforcement	p. 300
Conclusion	p. 300
Questions	p. 301
References	p. 301
Bibliography	p. 302
Chapter 14 Terrorism Preparedness	p. 305
Chapter Objectives	p. 305
Case Study	p. 305
Historic Information	p. 305
Overview	p. 306
Responsibilities	p. 307
Planning	p. 308
Activities	p. 308
Production	p. 309
Bottlenecks	p. 309
Location of Your Property	p. 309
Fences and Entrances	p. 310
Clear Area around the Premises	p. 310
Doors, Windows, and Other Openings	p. 310
Ventilation and HVAC Systems	p. 311
Lighting Systems	p. 311
Communication Systems	p. 311
Security Systems	p. 311
Surveillance Systems	p. 312
Guards and Sentries	p. 312
Entry and Movement of Vehicles and Visitors	p. 312
Entry and Movement of Employees	p. 312
Computers and Networks	p. 313
Threats	p. 313
Mail and Packages	p. 314
Your Role	p. 314
Insurance	p. 315
Conclusion	p. 315
Questions	p. 315
References	p. 316
Chapter 15 Hazardous Materials	p. 317
Chapter Objectives	p. 317
Case Study	p. 317
Introduction	p. 318
Background	p. 319
What Is a Hazardous Waste?	p. 319
Determining Generator Status	p. 321
Obtaining an EPA Identification Number	p. 321
Managing Hazardous Waste On Site	p. 322
CERCLA	p. 322
SARA	p. 323
Worker Protection Standards	p. 328
Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR [section]1910.1200)	p. 330
Written Program	p. 332
Labeling	p. 333
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)	p. 333
Training	p. 335
Contingency Plans	p. 335
Hazardous Waste Disposal	p. 335
Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest and DOT Regulations	p. 336
Additional Reporting Requirements	p. 336
EPA Wears Many Hats	p. 336
Conclusion	p. 337
Questions	p. 338
References	p. 338
Bibliography	p. 339
Chapter 16 Construction Safety and the Multiemployer Worksite Doctrine	p. 341
Chapter Objectives	p. 341
Case Study	p. 341
Introduction	p. 342
Construction Safety Recommendations	p. 343
Falls from Elevations	p. 344
Struck by and Caught In-between	p. 347
Electrical Shock	p. 349
Other Hazards	p. 350
Case Study	p. 351
Trenching	p. 351
Multiemployer Worksite Policy	p. 353
Doctrine History	p. 356
Contractor Qualifications and Programs	p. 358
Conclusion	p. 361
Questions	p. 362
References	p. 362
Chapter 17 Required Written Programs	p. 365
Chapter Objectives	p. 365
Case Study	p. 365
Safety and Health Program	p. 366
Hazard Communication Program	p. 368
Emergency Action Plan	p. 368
Fire Prevention Plan	p. 369
Emergency Response Plan	p. 370
Permit-Required Confined Space Plan	p. 371
Lockout Tagout	p. 372
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)	p. 373
Respiratory Protection	p. 374
Process Safety Management	p. 375
Requirements	p. 376
Written Procedures	p. 376
Incident Investigation	p. 378
Emergency Action Plan	p. 378
Compliance Audits	p. 379
Conclusion	p. 379
Questions	p. 379
Chapter 18 Resources on Safety and Health	p. 381
Agencies and Associations	p. 381
Ergonomics	p. 386
Biomechanics	p. 386
Ergonomic Engineering: Hand and Power Tools	p. 386
Ergonomics: Behavioral and Psychological Aspects	p. 387
Ergonomics: General	p. 387
Ergonomics Management	p. 388
Industrial Hygiene	p. 389
Air Pollution and Hazardous Waste	p. 389
Health Physics and Radiation	p. 391
Noise Control	p. 391
Stress	p. 392
Toxicology	p. 393
Occupational Safety and Health	p. 393
Accident Investigation	p. 393
Electrical Safety	p. 394
Emergency Response	p. 395
Fire Prevention and Protection	p. 396
Health and Safety Education and Training	p. 397
Inspection and Audits	p. 397
Regulatory Compliance	p. 398
References	p. 401
Appendix A 29 CFR 1910-OSHA General (Industry Standards Summary and Checklist	p. 403
Appendix B 29 CFR 1926-OSHA Construction Standards Summary and Checklist	p. 425
Appendix C Anthropometric Data	p. 453
Index	p. 463

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