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Cover image for Biomedical applications of electroactive polymer actuators
Title:
Biomedical applications of electroactive polymer actuators
Publication Information:
Chichester, West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons, 2009
Physical Description:
xx, 476 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.
ISBN:
9780470773055

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30000010219416 R857.P6 B566 2009 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

Giving fundamental information on one of the most promising families of smart materials, electroactive polymers (EAP) this exciting new titles focuses on the several biomedical applications made possible by these types of materials and their related actuation technologies. Each chapter provides a description of the specific EAP material and device configuration used, material processing, device assembling and testing, along with a description of the biomedical application.

Edited by well-respected academics in the field of electroactive polymers with contributions from renowned international experts, this is an excellent resource for industrial and academic research scientists, engineers, technicians and graduate students working with polymer actuators or in the fields of polymer science.


Author Notes

Dr. Ing. Federico Carpi is a postdoctoral researcher at the Interdepartmental Research Center, E. Piaggio, at the University of Pisa (Italy). He gained his degree and PhD at the University of Pisa. His main research interests include the design, the study, the development, the fabrication and the characterization of innovative electromechanical devices based on electroactive polymer (EAP) materials. Dr. Carpi is also founder and co-coordinator for the European Scientific Network for Artificial Muscles.

Elisabeth Smela is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Maryland (USA). She received her BS in physics from MIT and completed her PhD in electrical engineering at the University of Pennsylvania in 1992. She then worked at Linköping University in Sweden and at Riso National Lab in Denmark developing microfabricated conjugated polymer devices. In 1999 she joined the start-up company Santa Fe Science and Technology in New Mexico as Vice President of Research and Development. She joined the faculty of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Maryland in September 2000. She was awarded the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) in 2004 for research in dielectric elastomer actuators for microrobotics. She also received the DuPont Young Professor Award in 2003, the engineering school's Kent Teaching Award for Junior Faculty in 2004, and the university's Outstanding Invention of 2004. Her research interests are in polymer MEMS and bioMEMS, and more generally in combining organic materials with conventional inorganic materials to make new micro-scale devices.


Table of Contents

Preface
List of Contributors
Introduction
Polymer Gels.
1 Polymer Gel Actuators: Fundamentals (Paul Calvert).
1.1 Introduction and Historical Overview
1.2 Properties of Gels
1.3 Chemical and Physical Formation of Gels
1.4 Actuation Methods
1.5 Performance of Gels as Actuators
1.6 Applications of Electroactive Gels
1.7 Conclusions
References
2 Bioresponsive Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications (Tom McDonald, Alison Patrick, Richard Williams, Brian G. Cousins and Rein V. Ulijn).
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Chemical Hydrogels
2.3 Physical Hydrogels
2.4 Defining Bioresponsive Hydrogels
2.5 Bioresponsive Chemical Hydrogels
2.6 Bioresponsive Physical Hydrogels
2.7 Electroactive Chemical Hydrogels
2.8 Conclusion
References
3 Stimuli-Responsive and æActiveÆ Polymers in Drug Delivery (Aram Omar Saeed, Jóhannes Páll Magnússon, Beverley Twaites and Cameron Alexander).
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Drug Delivery: Examples, Challenges and Opportunities for Polymers
3.3 The emerging State of the Art Mechanisms In Polymer Controlled Release Systems
3.4 Responsive or æSmartÆ Polymers in Drug Delivery
3.5 Recent Highlights of Actuated Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications
3.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
4 Thermally Driven Hydrogel Actuator for Controllable Flow Rate Pump in Long-Term Drug Delivery (Piero Chiarelli and Pietro Ragni).
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Methods
4.3 Hydrogel Actuator
4.4 Pump Functioning
4.5 Conclusion
References
Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC).
5 IPMC actuators: Fundamentals (Kinji Asaka and Keisuke Oguro).
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fabrications
5.3 Measurement
5.4 Performance of the IPMC Actuator
5.5 Model
5.6 Recent Developments
5.7 Conclusion
References
6 Active Micro-Catheter and Biomedical Soft Devices Based on IPMC Actuators (Kinji Asaka and Keisuke Oguro).
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fabrication of the IPMC Device
6.3 Applications to Micro-Catheter
6.4 Other Applications
6.5 Conclusions
References
7 Implantable Heart-Assist and Compression Devices Employing Active Network of Electrically-Controllable Ionic Polymeric Metal Nanocomposites (Mohsen Shahinpoor).
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Heart Failure
7.3 Background of IPMNCs
7.4 Three-Dimensional Fabrication of IPMNCs
7.5 Electrically-Induced Robotic Actuation
7.6 Distributed Nanosensing and Transduction
7.7 Modeling and Simulation
7.8 Application of IPMNCs to Heart Compression and Assist In General
7.9 Manufacturing of Thick IPMC Fingers
7.10 Conclusions
References
8 IPMC Based Tactile Displays for Pressure and Texture Presentation on a Human Finger (Masashi Konyo and Satoshi Tadokoro).
8.1 Introduction
8.2 IPMC actuators as a Tactile Stimulator
8.3 Wearable Tactile Display
8.4 Selective Stimulation Method for Tactile Synthesis
8.5 Texture Synthesis Method
8.6 Display Method for Pressure Sensation
8.7 Display method for roughness sensation
8.8 Display method for friction sensation
8.9 Synthesis of total textural feeling
8.10 Conclusions
References
9 IPMC Assisted Infusion Micropumps (Il-Seok Park, Sonia Vohnout, Mark Banister, Sangki Lee, Sang-Mun Kim and Kwang J. Kim).
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Background of IPMC
9.3 Miniature Disposable Infusion IPMC Micropumps
9.4 Modeling for IPMC Micropumps
9.5 Conclusions
References
Conjugated Polymers.
10 Conjugated Polymer Actuators: Fundamentals (Geoffrey M. Spinks, Gursel Alici, Scott McGovern, Binbin Xi and Gordon G. Wallace).
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Actuation in ICPs
10.3 Comparison of Actuation Performance in Various ICPs
10.4 Electrochemistry of ICPs
10.5 Effect of Composition, Geometry and Electrolyte on Actuation of PPy
10.6 Mechanical System Response
10.7 Device Design and Optimization
10.8 Future Prospects
References
11 Steerable Catheters (Tina Shoa, John D. Madden, Nigel R. Munce and Victor X. D. Yang).
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Catheters: History And Current Applications
11.3 Catheter Design Challenges
11.4 Active Steerable Catheters
11.5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
12 Microfabricated Conjugated Polymer Actuators for Microvalves, Cell Biology and Microrobotics (Elisabeth Smela).
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Actuator Background
12.3 Microfabrication
12.4 Single Hinge Bilayer Devices: Flaps and Lids
12.5 Multi-Bilayer Devices: Positioning Tools
12.6 Swelling Film Devices: Valves
12.7 Lifetime
12.8 Integrated systems
12.9 Conclusions
References
13 Actuated Pins for Braille Displays (Geoffrey M. Spinks and Gordon G. Wallace).
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Requirements for Electronic Braille screen
13.3 Mechanical Analysis of Actuators Operating against Springs
13.4 Polypyrrole Actuators for Electronic Braille Pins
13.5 Other Polymer Actuation Systems for Electronic Braille Pins
13.6 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
14 Nanostructured Conducting Polymer Biomaterials and Their Applications in Controlled Drug Delivery (Mohammad Reza Abidian and David C. Martin).
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nanostructured Conducting Polymers
14.3 Conducting Polymer Nanotubes for Controlled Drug Delivery
14.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
15 Integrated Oral Drug Delivery System with Valve Based on Polypyrrole (Thorsten Göttsche and Stefan Haeberle).
15.1 Introduction
15.2 System Concept
15.3 Osmotic Pressure Pump
15.4 Polypyrrole in Actuator Applications
15.5 Valve Concepts Evaluated in the Course of the Intellidrug Project
15.6 Total assembly and Clinical Testing of the Intellidrug System
Acknowledgements
References
Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Polymers.
16 Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Polymer Actuators: Fundamentals (Zhimin Li and Zhongyang Cheng).
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Fundamentals of Electromechanical Materials
16.3 Materials Properties related to Electromechanical Applications
16.4 Typical Electromechanical Polymers and Their Properties
16.5 Conclusion Remarks
References
17 Miniature High Frequency Focused Ultrasonic Transducers for Minimally Invasive Imaging Procedures (Aaron Fleischman, Sushma Srivanas, Chaitanya Chandrana and Shuvo Roy).
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Coronary Imaging Needs
17.3 High Resolution Ultrasonic Transducers
17.4 Fabrication Techniques
17.5 Testing Methods
17.6 Results
17.7 Conclusion
References
18 Catheters for Thrombosis Sample in Blood Vessels Using Piezoelectric Polymer Fibers (Yoshiro Tajitsu).
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Piezoelectricity of Polymer Film and Fiber
18.3 Simple Measurement Method for Bending Motion of Piezoelectric Polymer Fiber
18.4 Piezoelectric Motion of PLLA Fiber
18.5 Elementary Demonstration of Prototype System for Catheters Using Piezoelectric Polymer Fiber
18.6 Summary
References
19 Piezoelectric Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) in Biomedical Ultrasound Exposimetry (Gerald R. Harris).
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Needle Hydrophone Design
19.3 Spot-Poled Membrane Hydrophone Design
19.4 Application to Diagnostic Ultrasound
19.5 Application to Therapeutic Ultrasound
19.6 Conclusion
References
Dielectric Elastomers.
20 Dielectric Elastomer Actuators: Fundamentals (Roy Kornbluh, Richard Heydt and Ron Pelrine).
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Basic Principle of Operation
20.3 Dielectric Elastomer Materials
20.4 Transducer Designs and Configurations
20.5 Operational Considerations
References
21 Biomedical Applications of Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (John S. Bashkin, Roy Kornbluh, Harsha Prahlad and Annjoe Wong-Foy).
21.1 Introduction
21.2 UMA-Based Actuators and Their Application to Pumps
21.3 Mechanical Stimulation Using Thickness-Mode Actuation
21.4 Implantable Artificial Diaphragm Muscle
21.5 Implantable Artificial Facial Muscles
21.6 Limb Prosthetics and Orthotics
21.7 Mechanical Actuation for æActiveÆ Cell Culture Assays
21.8 Conclusions
References
22 MRI Compatible Device for Robotic Assisted Interventions to Prostate Cancer (Jean-Sébastien Plante, Lauren Devita, Kenjiro Tadakuma and Steven Dubowsky).
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Prostate Cancer Therapy
22.3 Elastically Averaged Parallel Manipulator Using Dielectric Elastomer Actuators
22.4 Results
22.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
23 A Braille Display System for the Visually Disabled Using a Polymer Based Soft Actuator (Hyouk Ryeol Choi, Ig Mo Koo, Kwangmok Jung, Se-gon Roh, Ja Choon Koo, Jae-do Nam and Young Kwan Lee).
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Fundamentals on Actuation Principle
23.3 Design of Tactile Display Device
23.4 Braille Display System
23.5 Advanced Applications
23.6 Conclusions
References
24 Dynamic Splint-Like Hand Orthosis For Finger Rehabilitation (Federico Carpi, Andrea Mannini and Danilo De Rossi).
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Passive Dynamic Hand Splints: State of the Art
24.3 Active Dynamic Hand Splints: State of the Art
24.4 Proposed Concept: Dynamic Splint Equipped with Dielectric Elastomer Actuators
24.5 Splint Mechanics
24.6 Dimensioning of the Actuators
24.7 Prototype Splint
24.8 Performances of the Prototype Splint
24.9 Future Developments
24.10 Conclusions
References
Index
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