Radio propagation and adaptive antennas for wireless communication links : terrestrial, atmospheric and ionospheric

Title:

Personal Author:

Blaunstein, Nathan

Publication Information:

Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Interscience, 2007

ISBN:

9780471251217

Subject Term:

Adaptive antennas

Radio wave propagation

Wireless communication systems -- Equipment and supplies

Cellular telephone systems -- Equipment and supplies

Added Author:

Christodoulou, Christos G.

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010127055	TK7871.67.A33 B52 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Antennas and Propogation for Wireless Communication covers the basics of wireless communication system design with emphasis on antennas and propagation. It contains information on antenna fundamentals and the latest developments in smart antennas, as well as the radiation effects of hand-held devices.

Antennas and Propogation for Wireless Communication provides a complete discussion of all the topics important to the design of wireless communication systems. Written by acknowledged authorities in their respective fields, the book deals with practical applications and presents real world examples. A solutions manual for college adopters accompanies the text. Ideal for engineers working in communication, antennas, and propagation for telecomm, military, and aerospace applications, as well as students of electrical engineering, this book covers all topics needed for a complete system design.

Author Notes

Nathan Blaunstein received his BSc. and MSc. in Radiophysics and Electronics from the State University, Tomsk, and his Ph.D. and DSc. in Radiophysics and Electronics from the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation Academy of Sciences in Moscow, both in the former USSR.

Blaunstein is a professor at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and at Tel-Aviv University, Israel. He is the author of Radio Propagation in Cellular Networks (Artech House, 2000). He has done extensive research in problems of the ionosphere and ionospheric radio propagation for geophysical purposes, diffraction and scattering in various media for purpose of radiolocation, mobile-satellite and terrestrial communications, and for cellular and mobile systems performance and services (2 books, more than 130 articles and 3 patents), being a scientific adviser of Tadiran Telecom, InnoWave, Spectrolink, Magal Security Systems (Israel), Stellar-Senstar, Inc. (Canada), Ancoras (USA).

05l

Preface	p. xv
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Radio Communications	p. 1
1.1 Radio Communication Link	p. 1
1.2 Frequency Band for Radio Communications	p. 2
1.3 Noise in Radio Communication Links	p. 3
1.4 Main Propagation Characteristics	p. 4
1.4.1 Path Loss	p. 6
1.4.2 Characteristics of Multipath Propagation	p. 7
1.4.3 Signal Presentation in Wireless Communication Channels	p. 10
1.4.4 Parameters of the Multipath Communication Channel	p. 14
1.4.5 Types of Fading in Multipath Communication Channels	p. 17
1.5 Problems in Adaptive Antennas Application	p. 20
Bibliography	p. 21
Chapter 2 Antenna Fundamentals	p. 22
2.1 Radiation Pattern	p. 23
2.2 Field Regions of an Antenna	p. 26
2.3 Radiation Intensity	p. 27
2.4 Directivity and Gain	p. 29
2.5 Polarization	p. 31
2.5.1 Wave and Antenna Polarization	p. 31
2.5.2 Linear, Circular, and Elliptical Polarization	p. 31
2.6 Terminal Antennas in Free Space	p. 34
2.7 Antenna Types	p. 34
Bibliography	p. 35
Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Wave Propagation in Random Media	p. 36
3.1 Main Wave Equations and Random Functions	p. 37
3.1.1 Wave Equations	p. 37
3.1.2 Random Functions and Their Moments	p. 39
3.1.3 Random Equations	p. 42
3.2 The Perturbation Method for Multiple Scattering	p. 43
The Mean Perturbed Propagator	p. 46
The Mean Double Propagator	p. 48
Mass Operator and Dyson Equation	p. 49
3.3 An Exact Solution of ID-Equation	p. 51
3.4 Approximations of the Perturbation Method	p. 54
3.4.1 Low Order Approximations	p. 54
3.4.2 Convergence of the Perturbation Expansion	p. 57
3.4.3 Bourret's Bilocal and Kraichnan's Random Coupling Models	p. 58
3.5 Random Taylor Expansion at Short Wavelengths	p. 65
3.6 An Exact Solution of the Scalar Wave Equation	p. 67
Approximate Evaluations of the Functional Integral (3.137)	p. 71
3.7 The Electromagnetic Wave Equation	p. 72
3.8 Propagation in Statistically Inhomogeneous Media	p. 74
3.9 Propagation in Homogeneous Anisotropic Media	p. 76
3.9.1 Coupling Between Wave Modes	p. 76
3.9.2 Energy Transfer Between Wave Modes	p. 79
Bibliography	p. 85
Chapter 4 Electromagnetic Aspects of Wave Propagation over Terrain	p. 87
4.1 Waves Propagation in Free Space	p. 88
4.1.1 A Plane, Cylindrical and Spherical Wave Presentation	p. 88
4.1.2 Green's Function Presentation	p. 89
4.1.3 Huygen's Principle	p. 90
4.1.4 The Concept of Fresnel Zones for Free Space	p. 92
4.1.5 Polarization of Radio Waves	p. 96
4.2 Path Loss in Free Space	p. 97
4.3 Radio Propagation Above Flat Terrain	p. 98
4.3.1 Boundary Conditions at the Perfectly Conductive Surface	p. 98
4.3.2 Areas Significant for Reflection	p. 99
4.3.3 Reflection Coefficients	p. 104
4.4 Propagation Above Rough Terrain Under LOS Conditions	p. 106
4.4.1 Scattering from a Rough Ground Surface	p. 106
4.4.2 The Perturbation Solution	p. 107
4.4.3 Kirchhoff's Approximation	p. 111
4.4.4 The Rayleigh Approximation	p. 115
4.5 Propagation Above a Smooth Curved Terrain	p. 116
4.6 Effect of a Single Obstacle Placed on a Flat Terrain	p. 119
Bibliography	p. 122
Chapter 5 Terrestrial Radio Communications	p. 125
5.1 Characterization of the Terrain	p. 126
5.2 Propagation Scenarios in Terrestrial Communication Links	p. 127
5.3 Propagation over a Flat Terrain in LOS Conditions	p. 127
5.4 Propagation over a Hilly Terrain in NLOS Conditions	p. 131
5.5 Effect of a Building on the Radio Propagation Channel	p. 131
5.5.1 The Electric Field of the Vertical Dipole	p. 132
5.5.2 Diffraction from the Edge of a Perfectly Conductive Building	p. 133
5.5.3 Diffraction at an Impedance Edge of a Building	p. 134
5.5.4 Diffraction from Roofs	p. 135
5.5.5 Field Distribution Around a Building	p. 137
5.5.6 Total Wave Field Reflected from the Walls and the Ground Surface	p. 138
5.6 Propagation in Rural Forest Environments	p. 140
5.6.1 A Model of Multiple Scattering in a Forested Area	p. 140
5.6.2 Comparison with Other Models	p. 146
5.7 Propagation in Mixed Residential Areas	p. 146
5.7.1 Statistical Description of Mixed Residential Area	p. 146
5.7.2 The Average Field Intensity	p. 148
5.8 Propagation in Urban Environments	p. 149
5.8.1 Propagation in Urban Areas with Regularly Distributed Rows of Buildings	p. 150
5.8.2 Propagation Above Urban Irregular Terrain	p. 154
5.8.3 Comparison with Existing Models	p. 169
Bibliography	p. 170
Chapter 6 Effects of the Troposphere on Radio Propagation	p. 175
6.1 Main Propagation Effects of the Troposphere as a Spherical Layered Gaseous Continuum	p. 175
6.1.1 Model of the Troposphere and Main Tropospheric Processes	p. 175
6.1.2 Tropospheric Refraction	p. 179
6.1.3 Wave Attenuation by Atmospheric Gaseous Structures	p. 185
6.1.4 Scattering in the Troposphere by Gaseous Structures	p. 189
6.1.5 Propagation Clearance	p. 191
6.1.6 Depolarization of Radio Wave in the Atmosphere	p. 192
6.2 Effects of the Hydrometeors on Radio Propagation in the Troposphere	p. 193
6.2.1 Effects of Rain	p. 193
6.2.2 Effects of Clouds and Fog	p. 206
6.3 Effects of Tropospheric Turbulences on Radio Propagation	p. 210
6.3.1 Main Characteristics and Parameters of Atmospheric Turbulence	p. 210
6.3.2 Tropospheric Scintillations	p. 219
6.3.3 Effects of Troposheric Turbulences on Signal Fading	p. 228
6.3.4 Radio Propagation Caused by Tropospheric Scattering	p. 230
6.4 Link Budget Design for Tropospheric Communication Links	p. 232
Bibliography	p. 233
Chapter 7 Ionospheric Radio Propagation	p. 237
7.1 Main Ionospheric Effects on Radio Propagation	p. 238
7.1.1 Parameters and Processes Affecting Radio Propagation in the Ionosphere	p. 238
7.1.2 Main Effects of Radio Propagation Through the Ionosphere	p. 250
7.2 Effects of the Inhomogeneous Ionosphere on Radio Propagation	p. 254
7.2.1 Propagation Effects of Large-Scale Inhomogeneities	p. 255
7.2.2 Propagation Effects of Small-Scale Inhomogeneities	p. 262
7.2.3 Scattering Phenomena Caused by Small-Scale Inhomogeneities	p. 272
7.3 Back and Forward Scattering of Radio Waves by Small-Scale Ionospheric Inhomogeneities	p. 290
7.3.1 Effects of Back and Forward Scattering	p. 291
7.3.2 Power of H[subscript E]-Scatter Signals	p. 294
Bibliography	p. 299
Chapter 8 Indoor Radio Propagation	p. 302
8.1 Main Propagation Processes and Characteristics	p. 304
8.2 Modeling of Loss Characteristics in Various Indoor Environments	p. 306
8.2.1 Numerical Ray-Tracing UTD Model	p. 307
8.2.2 Physical Waveguide Model of Radio Propagation Along the Corridor	p. 311
8.2.3 Physical Model of Radio Propagation Between Floors and Walls	p. 314
8.2.4 Empirical Models	p. 318
8.3 Link Budget Design Verification by Experimental Data	p. 325
Bibliography	p. 332
Chapter 9 Adaptive Antennas for Wireless Networks	p. 335
9.1 Antenna Arrays	p. 336
9.1.1 Antenna Array Terminology	p. 337
9.1.2 Architecture of the Antenna Array	p. 340
9.2 Beamforming Techniques	p. 343
9.2.1 Analog Beamforming	p. 344
9.2.2 Digital Beamforming	p. 348
9.3 Adaptive Antenna for Wireless Communication Applications	p. 357
9.3.1 Adaptive Antennas for Outdoor Wireless Communications	p. 357
9.3.2 Adaptive Antennas for Indoor Wireless Communications	p. 367
9.3.3 Adaptive Antennas for Satellite-Mobile Communications	p. 369
9.4 Network Performance Improvement Using an Antenna Array	p. 371
9.4.1 Reduction in Multipath Phenomena	p. 371
9.4.2 Reduction in Delay Spread	p. 373
9.4.3 Reduction in Angular Spread	p. 374
9.4.4 Range Increase	p. 375
9.4.5 Reduction in Co-Channel Interference and Outage Probability	p. 376
9.4.6 Increase in Spectrum Efficiency and Decrease of BER by Using Smart Antennas	p. 380
Summary	p. 382
Bibliography	p. 382
Chapter 10 Prediction of Signal Distribution in Space, Time and Frequency Domains in Radio Channels for Adaptive Antenna Applications	p. 393
10.1 Predicting Models for Indoor Communication Channels	p. 395
10.2 Predicting Models for Outdoor Communication Channels	p. 401
10.3 Experimental Verification of Signal Power Distribution in Azimuth, Elevation, and Time Delay Domains	p. 417
10.4 Signal Power Spectra Distribution in Frequency Shift Domain	p. 432
10.4.1 Spatial Signal Distribution	p. 432
10.4.2 Signal Power Distribution in Doppler Shift Domain	p. 434
Bibliography	p. 437
Chapter 11 Multipath Fading Phenomena in Land Wireless Links	p. 441
11.1 Prediction of Loss Characteristics for Land Radio Links	p. 442
11.1.1 Statistical Distribution of Buildings in Urban Environments	p. 443
11.1.2 Influence of Terrain Features on Loss Characteristics	p. 446
11.1.3 Frequency Dependence of Signal Intensity in Various Built-Up Areas	p. 448
11.1.4 Radio Pattern Around a Building-Comparison Theory and Experiment	p. 451
11.1.5 Verification of the Stochastic Approach via Numerous Experiments	p. 453
11.1.6 Advantages and Limitations of 3D Stochasic MultiParametric Approach	p. 465
11.2 Link Budget Design for Various Land Environments	p. 468
11.2.1 Existing Methods of Link Budget Design	p. 468
11.2.2 Link Budget Design Based on the Stochastic Approach	p. 473
11.2.3 Experimental Verification of the Link Budget	p. 476
11.2.4 Experimental Verification of Slow and Fast Fading	p. 478
11.3 Characterization of Multipath Radio Channel by Rician Factor	p. 484
11.4 Main Algorithm of Radio Coverage (Radio Map) Design	p. 486
Bibliography	p. 493
Chapter 12 Cellular Communication Networks Design Based on Radio Propagation Phenomena	p. 497
12.1 Grade of Service (GOS) Design Operating in Multipath Fading Environment	p. 498
12.1.1 The Concept	p. 499
12.1.2 Simulation Tests	p. 500
12.1.3 Traffic Computation in Wireless Channels with Fading	p. 501
12.2 Propagation Aspects of Cell Planning	p. 504
12.2.1 Main Characteristics of Uniform Cellular Pattern	p. 505
12.2.2 Methods of Cellular Map Design	p. 508
12.2.3 Strategy of Non Uniform Cellular Maps Design	p. 513
12.3 Prediction of Parameters of Information Data Stream	p. 520
Channel Capacity and Spectral Efficiency	p. 520
Relations Between Main Parameters	p. 523
Bibliography	p. 526
Chapter 13 Prediction of Operational Characteristics of Adaptive Antennas	p. 530
13.1 Experimental Verification of Signal Distribution in Azimuth, Time Delay, and Doppler Shift Domains	p. 530
13.2 Prediction of Adaptive Antenna Characteristics Based on Unified Stochastic Approach	p. 540
13.2.1 Tilt-Dependence of the Base Station Antenna	p. 541
13.2.2 Azimuth-Dependence of the Base Station Antenna Maximum Loop	p. 542
13.2.3 Directivity-Dependence of the Base Station Antenna	p. 543
Bibliography	p. 546
Chapter 14 Land-Satellite Communication Links	p. 548
14.1 Objective	p. 548
14.2 Type of Signals in Land-Satellite Communication Links	p. 553
14.3 Statistical Models	p. 555
14.3.1 Loo's Model	p. 555
14.3.2 Extended Suzuki Model	p. 558
14.3.3 Corazza-Vatalaro Model	p. 559
14.3.4 The Xie-Fang Model	p. 561
14.3.5 Three-State Propagation Channel	p. 564
14.3.6 Lutz Statistical Model	p. 568
14.3.7 Abdi's Model	p. 569
14.4 Physical-Statistical Models	p. 572
14.4.1 The Model of Shadowing	p. 573
14.4.2 Multiparametric Stochastic Approach	p. 574
14.5 The Unified Algorithm for Fading Phenomena Prediction	p. 576
14.6 Mega-Cell Concept for Land Satellite Communication Links	p. 585
14.6.1 Existing Land-Satellite Personal and Mobile Systems	p. 587
14.6.2 Global Land-Satellite Personal Communication Systems (PCS)	p. 591
14.7 "Mega-Cell" Global Networks Design	p. 598
Summary	p. 602
Bibliography	p. 603
Index	p. 607

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