Human body composition

Title:

Edition:

2nd ed.

Publication Information:

Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics, 2005

ISBN:

9780736046558

Subject Term:

Body, Human -- Composition

Body, Human -- Composition -- Measurement

Anthropometry

Added Author:

Heymsfield, Steven, 1944-

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010145439	QP33.5 H85 2005	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

The new edition of Human Body Composition is the most complete text in the burgeoning field of body composition research. The book covers the full range of methods to assess body composition, including dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, electrical impedance, and imaging techniques. Maintaining the focus of the first edition as a definitive research guide, this resource incorporates updated information on methods and topics of biological importance.

This thoroughly revised reference includes new material on

-molecular genetics;

-energy expenditure;

-body composition as related to various pathological states including cancer, inflammatory diseases, and illnesses associated with HIV; and

-animal body composition.

The information is presented in five logical parts along with an appendix for easy comprehension of the material. Part I presents an introduction to the field and sets the tone for the ensuing chapters. Part II provides an extensive review of the available body composition methods, including measurement cost, safety, and practicality. Part III features reviews on specific body composition components of widespread interest, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, along with a review of body composition models. Part IV covers the biological influences on body composition such as age, ethnicity, and gender. Part V outlines pathological states related to body composition, including morbidity-mortality links.

Human Body Composition, Second Edition, provides a comprehensive account of the science behind human body composition methods. Filled with reliable and accurate information, it is an essential tool and an indispensable reference for exercise science researchers, practitioners, and graduate students who are interested in body composition.

Author Notes

Steven B. Heymsfield, MD, brings a broad range of experience in research to the writing of this book. He is trained in physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine, all of which relate to the measurement and study of body composition. Dr. Heymsfield is currently the executive director of clinical studies, metabolism at Merck in Rahway, New Jersey, where he oversees Merck's Clinical Obesity Research Program.

Additionally, he is a visiting scientist at the Obesity Research Center at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital. Prior to his current position, Dr. Heymsfield was a professor of medicine at the Columbia University, New York, College of Physicians and Surgeons.

Dr. Heymsfield has conducted national and international presentations and made many contributions to publications in the field. He serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, International Journal of Body Composition Research, Age & Nutrition, Nutrition Reviews, Clinical Nutrition, and Adipocytes. He is also an active member of the North American Association for the Study of Obesity and past president of both the American Society of Clinical Nutrition and the American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.

Timothy G. Lohman, PhD, is a leading scientist in the field of body composition assessment. A respected researcher, he explores body composition methodology and changes in body composition with growth and development, exercise, and aging. His leadership in standardization of body composition methodology is well recognized.

Dr. Lohman is a professor in the department of exercise science at the University of Arizona. He is also a fellow of the American Academy of Physical Education, a member of the American College of Sports Medicine, and a member of the Youth Fitness Advisory Committee of the Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research in Dallas, Texas. He is the author of many research articles and an editor of the Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual, published by Human Kinetics. Dr. Lohman is also author of Advances in Body Composition Assessment.

ZiMian Wang, PhD, is an associate research scientist at Columbia University College and research associate in the Obesity Research Center of St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center. Trained in biology, biochemistry, physiology, and chemistry, he has published more than 100 research papers on the topic of human body composition.

Scott B. Going, PhD, is an associate professor in the department of nutritional sciences at the University of Arizona. An expert in body composition models and methods, he has more than 20 years of related teaching experience and research experience in this field.

Wei Shen and Marie-Pierre St-Onge and ZiMian Wang and Steven B. HeymsfieldScott B. GoingDale A. SchoellerKenneth J. EllisTimothy G. Lohman and Zhao ChenWm. Cameron Chumlea and Shumei S. SunRobert Ross and Ian JanssenAnna Bellisari and Alex F. RocheAviva Sopher and Wei Shen and Angelo PietrobelliMaria S. Johnson and Tim R. NagyShumei S. Sun and Wm. Cameron ChumleaZiMian Wang and Wei Shen and Robert T. Withers and Steven B. HeymsfieldLuis B. Sardinha and Pedro J. TeixeiraHenry C. LukaskiDympna Gallagher and Marinos EliaPeter Katzmarzyk and Claude BouchardRichard N. BaumgartnerRobert M. MalinaSally Ann LedermanDaniel P. Williams and Pedro J. Teixeira and Scott B. GoingMarie-Pierre St-Onge and Per BjorntorpJacob C. SeidellZhao ChenBret H. Goodpaster and David E. KelleyDonald P. Kotler and Ellen S. EngelsonIan Janssen and Ronenn Roubenoff

Preface	p. x
Contributors	p. xi
Part I The Science of Body Composition Research	p. 1
Chapter 1 Study of Body Composition: An Overview	p. 3
History	p. 4
Body Composition Rules and Models	p. 11
Future Directions	p. 13
Part II Body Composition Measurement Methods	p. 15
Chapter 2 Hydrodensitometry and Air Displacement Plethysmography	p. 17
Body Composition Models	p. 17
Estimation of Body Volume by Underwater Weighing	p. 19
Recommended Procedures for Hydrodensitometry	p. 26
Air Displacement Plethysmography	p. 26
Summary	p. 33
Chapter 3 Hydrometry	p. 35
Total Body Water	p. 35
Intracellular Water and Extracellular Water	p. 46
Summary	p. 49
Chapter 4 Whole-Body Counting and Neutron Activation Analysis	p. 51
Whole-Body Counting	p. 51
Neutron Activation Analysis	p. 57
Chapter 5 Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry	p. 63
History and Development of DXA	p. 63
Assumptions of DXA and Their Validity	p. 64
Applicability of DXA	p. 65
Equipment: Hardware	p. 66
Equipment: Software	p. 67
Measurement Procedures	p. 69
Calibration Procedures	p. 69
Precision of Total and Regional Composition Estimates	p. 70
Accuracy of DXA for the Measurement of Fatness	p. 70
Accuracy of DXA Regional Body Composition Assessments	p. 74
Estimating Body Composition Changes	p. 74
Hydration Status As a Confounder in DXA Body Composition Estimates	p. 75
Application of DXA to Pediatric Populations	p. 75
DXA Use in Multicomponent Models	p. 76
Steps Toward Standardization of DXA	p. 76
Recommended Procedure for DXA Measurements	p. 77
Summary	p. 77
Chapter 6 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis	p. 79
Physical Electrical Properties	p. 79
Bioelectrical Properties	p. 80
Measuring Impedance	p. 81
Impedance History	p. 81
Single- and Multiple-Frequency Impedance	p. 83
Impedance and Body Composition	p. 86
Changes in Body Composition	p. 86
Segmental Bioelectrical Impedance	p. 87
Impedance and Blood Chemistry	p. 87
Summary	p. 87
Chapter 7 Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging	p. 89
CT Image Acquisition	p. 89
MRI Image Acquisition	p. 89
CT Image Analysis	p. 91
MRI Image Analysis	p. 91
Determination of Tissue Volume	p. 92
CT Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Quality	p. 93
CT Measurement of Liver Tissue Quality	p. 94
MRI Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Quality	p. 94
MRI Measurement of Liver Tissue Quality	p. 95
Validity of Tissue Quantity by CT	p. 95
Validity of Tissue Quantity by MRI	p. 95
Comparison of CT and MRI	p. 96
Applications of CT and MRI on Tissue Quantity and Quality	p. 100
Future Directions	p. 106
Potential of CT and MRI in Large-Scale Studies	p. 108
Summary	p. 108
Chapter 8 Anthropometry and Ultrasound	p. 109
Anthropometry	p. 109
Ultrasound	p. 122
Summary	p. 127
Chapter 9 Pediatric Body Composition Methods	p. 129
Multicomponent Models	p. 130
Hydrodensitometry	p. 130
Air Displacement Plethysmography	p. 131
Dilution Methods	p. 133
Whole-Body Counting	p. 133
Electrical Methods	p. 134
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry	p. 134
Imaging Methods	p. 136
Anthropometry	p. 136
Summary	p. 139
Chapter 10 Animal Body Composition Methods	p. 141
Carcass Analysis	p. 141
Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC)	p. 143
Total Body Water by Isotope Dilution	p. 145
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)	p. 146
Computed Tomography (CT)	p. 147
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)	p. 148
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	p. 149
Summary	p. 150
Chapter 11 Statistical Methods	p. 151
Accuracy of Predictive Equations	p. 151
Validity of the Response Variable	p. 152
Precision of the Predictor Variables	p. 152
Relationships Between Predictor Variables and Response Variables	p. 152
Statistical Methods	p. 153
Size and Nature of the Sample	p. 155
Published Predictive Equations	p. 156
Summary	p. 159
Part III Body Composition Models and Components	p. 161
Chapter 12 Multicomponent Molecular-Level Models of Body Composition Analysis	p. 163
General Concepts of Molecular-Level Body Composition Methods	p. 163
Three-, Four-, and Six-Component Hydrodensitometry Methods	p. 165
Four- and Six-Component Neutron Activation Methods	p. 170
Six-Component Total Body Carbon Methods	p. 173
Multicomponent Total Body Protein Method	p. 174
Summary	p. 175
Chapter 13 Measuring Adiposity and Fat Distribution in Relation to Health	p. 177
Total Body Fatness	p. 177
Fat Distribution	p. 189
Summary	p. 201
Chapter 14 Assessing Muscle Mass	p. 203
Anthropometric Indicators of Muscle Mass	p. 203
Muscle Metabolites	p. 206
Radiographic Methods	p. 209
Nuclear Techniques	p. 213
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis	p. 215
High-Frequency Energy Absorption (HFEA)	p. 217
Summary	p. 217
Chapter 15 Body Composition, Organ Mass, and Resting Energy Expenditure	p. 219
Measurement of REE	p. 220
Quantifying Specific Organ and Tissue Masses	p. 220
Specific Metabolic Rates of Organs and Tissues	p. 228
Modeling REE	p. 228
REE and Organ Metabolic Rates During the Life Span	p. 229
REE: Race and Ethnicity	p. 235
REE in Disease	p. 236
Ongoing Efforts in the Measurement of Tissue-Specific Metabolic Rates	p. 238
Summary	p. 239
Part IV Body Composition and Biological Influences	p. 241
Chapter 16 Genetic Influences on Human Body Composition	p. 243
Basic Concepts	p. 243
Methods	p. 244
Genetics and Body Fat Content	p. 247
Genetics and Fat Topography	p. 251
Genetic Pleiotropy and Body Fat Phenotypes	p. 254
Genetics and Skeletal Muscle Phenotypes	p. 255
Summary	p. 257
Chapter 17 Age	p. 259
Fat Mass	p. 260
Fat Distribution	p. 261
Fat-Free Mass	p. 263
Summary	p. 268
Chapter 18 Variation in Body Composition Associated With Sex and Ethnicity	p. 271
Reference Values	p. 272
Total Body Composition	p. 276
Adipose Tissue Distribution	p. 284
Bone As a Component of Body Composition	p. 289
Skeletal Muscle	p. 294
Summary	p. 297
Chapter 19 Pregnancy	p. 299
Why Measure Pregnancy Body Composition?	p. 299
Measuring Body Composition Changes During Pregnancy	p. 300
Advances of the Field	p. 301
Chapter 20 Exercise	p. 313
Body Weight	p. 314
Whole-Body Fat	p. 315
Visceral Adipose Tissue	p. 323
Fat-Free Mass, Lean Soft Tissue, and Skeletal Muscle	p. 324
Bone	p. 326
Summary	p. 330
Chapter 21 Hormonal Influences on Human Body Composition	p. 331
Hormonal Effects Through the Life Cycle	p. 331
Effects of Glucocorticoids	p. 334
Interactions Between Hormones	p. 337
Effects of Adipocyte-Derived Hormones	p. 337
Regulation of Energy Exchange	p. 339
Summary	p. 339
Part V Body Composition and Pathological States	p. 341
Chapter 22 Morbidity and Mortality Associations	p. 343
Anthropometric Measures in Relation to Morbidity and Mortality: Methodological Issues	p. 343
Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Mortality	p. 344
Body Composition and Aging: Implications for Morbidity and Mortality	p. 347
Effect of Age on the Association Between Weight Change and Health	p. 349
Effect of Age on the Association Between Fat Distribution and Health	p. 349
Summary	p. 350
Chapter 23 Body Composition and Cancer	p. 351
Body Composition and Cancer Risk	p. 351
Body Composition and Cancer Treatment	p. 358
Cancer-Related Wasting	p. 362
Other Applications of Body Composition Assessments in Cancer Research	p. 362
Summary	p. 363
Chapter 24 Obesity and Diabetes: Body Composition Determinants of Insulin Resistance	p. 365
Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and IR in Type 2 DM and Obesity	p. 365
Fat-Free Mass and IR in Type 2 DM and Obesity	p. 366
Abdominal Adiposity: Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Type 2 DM	p. 367
Lower-Extremity Adipose Tissue	p. 370
Skeletal Muscle Fat Content	p. 370
Hepatic Steatosis and IR in Obesity and Type 2 DM	p. 373
Effects of Weight Loss on Body Composition and IR	p. 374
Summary	p. 375
Chapter 25 Body Composition Studies in People With HIV	p. 377
Early Studies (1981-1983)	p. 377
Body Composition Assessment	p. 378
Cross-Sectional Studies	p. 378
Studies of Pathogenic Mechanisms	p. 379
Nutritional Status and Clinical Outcomes	p. 380
Longitudinal Studies	p. 381
Studies of Nutritional Therapies	p. 382
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy	p. 385
Pseudotruncal Obesity	p. 386
Treatment of Fat Redistribution	p. 386
Switch Studies	p. 386
Summary	p. 387
Chapter 26 Inflammatory Diseases and Body Composition	p. 389
Influence of Metabolic Imbalances on Body Composition	p. 389
Influence of Immune Mediators on Metabolism	p. 389
Usefulness of Body Composition As a Measure of Chronic Disease Status	p. 390
Inflammatory Diseases and Body Composition in Adults	p. 390
Inflammatory Diseases and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents	p. 397
Summary	p. 400
Appendix Reference Body Composition Tables	p. 401
Abbreviations	p. 411
References	p. 415
Index	p. 503
About the Editors	p. 523

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