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Summary
Summary
Reservoir engineering is the design and evaluation of field development and exploitation processes and programs. This topic encompasses the field of geology, drilling and completion, production engineering and reserves and evaluation.This book details essential information as well as insight and is a comprehensive up-to-date reference tool for the reservoir engineers, petroleum engineers and engineering students alike. Acting as a guide to predicting oil reservoir performance this edition analyses through the analysis of oil recovery mechanisms and performance calculations, and spells out the fundamentals of reservoir engineering and their application through a comprehensive field study. Several examples from a wide variety of applications demonstrate the performance of processes under forceful conditions. Key relationships among the different operating variables are also thoroughly described.
Author Notes
Tarek Ahmed is an Engineering Advisor with Anadarko Petroleum Corporation. Dr. Ahmed is a former professor and chairman of the petroleum engineering department at Montana Tech of the University of Montana
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments | p. xi |
Preface to the Third Edition | p. xiii |
Preface to the Second Edition | p. xiv |
Preface to the First Edition | p. xv |
1 Fundamentals of Reservoir Fluid Behavior | p. 1 |
Classification of Reservoirs and Reservoir Fluids | p. 1 |
Problems | p. 27 |
References | p. 27 |
2 Reservoir-Fluid Properties | p. 29 |
Properties of Natural Gases | p. 29 |
Behavior of Ideal Gases | p. 30 |
Behavior of Real Gases | p. 36 |
Effect of Nonhydrocarbon Components on the Z-Factor | p. 44 |
Correction for High-Molecular Weight Gases | p. 49 |
Direct Calculation of Compressibility Factors | p. 54 |
Compressibility of Natural Gases | p. 59 |
Gas Formation Volume Factor | p. 65 |
Gas Viscosity | p. 67 |
Methods of Calculating the Viscosity of Natural Gases | p. 68 |
Properties of Crude Oil Systems | p. 75 |
Methods of Calculating Viscosity of the Dead Oil | p. 115 |
Methods of Calculating the Saturated Oil Viscosity | p. 117 |
Methods of Calculating the Viscosity of the Undersaturated Oil | p. 119 |
Properties of Reservoir Water | p. 124 |
Problems | p. 126 |
References | p. 133 |
3 Laboratory Analysis of Reservoir Fluids | p. 136 |
Composition of the Reservoir Fluid | p. 137 |
Constant-Composition Expansion Tests | p. 137 |
Differential Liberation (Vaporization) Test | p. 149 |
Separator Tests | p. 152 |
Extrapolation of Reservoir Fluid Data | p. 164 |
Laboratory Analysis of Gas Condensate Systems | p. 171 |
Problems | p. 184 |
References | p. 188 |
4 Fundamentals of Rock Properties | p. 189 |
Porosity | p. 190 |
Saturation | p. 195 |
Wettability | p. 199 |
Surface and Interfacial Tension | p. 200 |
Capillary Pressure | p. 203 |
Permeability | p. 227 |
Rock Compressibility | p. 254 |
Net Pay Thickness | p. 260 |
Reservoir Heterogeneity | p. 261 |
Areal Heterogeneity | p. 274 |
Problems | p. 281 |
References | p. 286 |
5 Relative Permeability Concepts | p. 288 |
Two-Phase Relative Permeability | p. 289 |
Relative Permeability Ratio | p. 308 |
Dynamic Pseudo-Relative Permeabilities | p. 311 |
Normalization and Averaging Relative Permeability Data | p. 313 |
Three-Phase Relative Permeability | p. 320 |
Problems | p. 329 |
References | p. 330 |
6 Fundamentals of Reservoir Fluid Flow | p. 331 |
Types of Fluids | p. 332 |
Flow Regimes | p. 334 |
Reservoir Geometry | p. 336 |
Number of Flowing Fluids in the Reservoir | p. 339 |
Fluid Flow Equations | p. 340 |
Steady-State Flow | p. 342 |
Unsteady-State Flow | p. 373 |
Constant-Terminal-Pressure Solution | p. 384 |
Constant-Terminal-Rate Solution | p. 384 |
Pseudosteady-State Flow | p. 413 |
Principle of Superposition | p. 442 |
Transient Well Testing | p. 453 |
Problems | p. 476 |
References | p. 482 |
7 Oil Well Performance | p. 484 |
Vertical Oil Well Performance | p. 484 |
Horizontal Oil Well Performance | p. 528 |
Problems | p. 542 |
References | p. 544 |
8 Gas Well Performance | p. 546 |
Vertical Gas Well Performance | p. 546 |
Horizontal Gas Well Performance | p. 577 |
Problems | p. 580 |
References | p. 581 |
9 Gas and Water Coning | p. 583 |
Coning | p. 584 |
Coning in Vertical Wells | p. 587 |
Breakthrough Time in Vertical Wells | p. 620 |
After Breakthrough Performance | p. 624 |
Coning in Horizontal Wells | p. 629 |
Horizontal Well Breakthrough Time | p. 638 |
Problems | p. 646 |
References | p. 648 |
10 Water Influx | p. 650 |
Classification of Aquifers | p. 651 |
Recognition of Natural Water Influx | p. 654 |
Water Influx Models | p. 655 |
Problems | p. 728 |
References | p. 731 |
11 Oil Recovery Mechanisms and the Material Balance Equation | p. 733 |
Primary Recovery Mechanisms | p. 734 |
The Material Balance Equation | p. 752 |
Problems | p. 806 |
References | p. 809 |
12 Predicting Oil Reservoir Performance | p. 810 |
Phase 1 Reservoir Performance Prediction Methods | p. 811 |
Phase 2 Relating Reservoir Performance to Time | p. 850 |
Problems | p. 853 |
References | p. 854 |
13 Gas Reservoirs | p. 855 |
The Volumetric Method | p. 856 |
The Material Balance Method | p. 859 |
Material Balance Equation as a Straight Line | p. 874 |
Abnormally Pressured Gas Reservoirs | p. 880 |
Problems | p. 906 |
References | p. 908 |
14 Principles of Waterflooding | p. 909 |
Factors to Consider in Waterflooding | p. 910 |
Optimum Time to Waterflood | p. 915 |
Effect of Trapped Gas on Waterflood Recovery | p. 917 |
Selection of Flooding Patterns | p. 927 |
Overall Recovery Efficiency | p. 932 |
I Displacement Efficiency | p. 934 |
II Areal Sweep Efficiency | p. 985 |
III Vertical Sweep Efficiency | p. 1041 |
Methods of Predicting Recovery Performance for Layered Reservoirs | p. 1058 |
Waterflood Surveillance | p. 1069 |
Problems | p. 1085 |
References | p. 1094 |
15 Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibria | p. 1096 |
Vapor Pressure | p. 1096 |
Equilibrium Ratios | p. 1099 |
Flash Calculations | p. 1103 |
Equilibrium Ratios for Real Solutions | p. 1107 |
Equilibrium Ratios for the Plus Fraction | p. 1120 |
Applications of the Equilibrium Ratio in Reservoir Engineering | p. 1122 |
Equations of State | p. 1154 |
Applications of the Equation of State in Petroleum Engineering | p. 1194 |
Splitting and Lumping Schemes of the Plus-Fraction | p. 1207 |
Problems | p. 1225 |
References | p. 1229 |
16 Analysis of Decline and Type Curves | p. 1235 |
Decline-Curve Analysis | p. 1235 |
Type-Curve Analysis | p. 1264 |
Problems | p. 1333 |
References | p. 1335 |
Appendix | p. 1338 |
Index | p. 1351 |
About the Author | p. 1360 |