Combustion : physical and chemical fundamentals, modeling and simulation, experiments, pollutant formation

Title:

Personal Author:

Warnatz, J.

Edition:

4th ed.

Publication Information:

Berlin : Springer, 2006

ISBN:

9783540259923

Subject Term:

Combustion

Added Author:

Maas, U. (Ulrich), 1959-

Dibble, Robert W.

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010134034	QD516 W37 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Combustion is an old technology, which at present provides about 90% of our worldwide energy support. Combustion research in the past used fluid mechanics with global heat release by chemical reactions described with thermodynamics, assuming infinitely fast reactions. This approach was useful for stationary combustion processes, but it is not sufficient for transient processes like ignition and quenching or for pollutant formation. Yet pollutant formation during combustion of fossil fuels is a central topic and will continue to be so in the future. This book provides a detailed and rigorous treatment of the coupling of chemical reactions and fluid flow. Also, combustion-specific topics of chemistry and fluid mechanics are considered and tools described for the simulation of combustion processes.

The actual fourth edition presents a completely restructured book: Mathematical Formulae and derivations as well as the space-consuming reaction mechanisms have been replaced from the text to appendix. A new chapter discusses the impact of combustion processes on the earth's atmosphere, the chapter on auto-ignition is extended to combustion in Otto- and Diesel-engines, and the chapters on heterogeneous combustion and on soot formation appear heavily revised.

1 Introduction, Fundamental Definitions and Phenomena	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Some Fundamental Definitions	p. 1
1.3 Basic Flame Types	p. 4
1.4 Exercises	p. 8
2 Experimental Investigation of Flames	p. 9
2.1 Velocity Measurements	p. 10
2.2 Density Measurement	p. 11
2.3 Concentration Measurements	p. 13
2.4 Temperature Measurements	p. 18
2.5 Pressure Measurements	p. 20
2.6 Measurement of Particle Sizes	p. 21
2.7 Simultaneous Diagnostics	p. 22
2.8 Exercises	p. 27
3 Mathematical Description of Premixed Laminar Flat Flames	p. 29
3.1 Conservation Equations for Laminar Flat Premixed Flames	p. 29
3.2 Heat and Mass Transport	p. 33
3.3 The Description of a Laminar Premixed Flat Flame Front	p. 33
3.4 Exercises	p. 38
4 Thermodynamics of Combustion Processes	p. 39
4.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics	p. 39
4.2 Standard Enthalpies of Formation	p. 41
4.3 Heat Capacities	p. 43
4.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics	p. 44
4.5 The Third Law of Thermodynamics	p. 45
4.6 Equilibrium Criteria and Thermodynamic Variables	p. 46
4.7 Equilibrium in Gas Mixtures; Chemical Potential	p. 47
4.8 Determination of Equilibrium Compositions in Gases	p. 49
4.9 Determination of Adiabatic Flame Temperatures	p. 51
4.10 Tabulation of Thermodynamic Data	p. 52
4.11 Exercises	p. 55
5 Transport Phenomena	p. 57
5.1 A Simple Physical Model of Transport Processes	p. 57
5.2 Heat Conduction in Gases	p. 60
5.3 Viscosity of Gases	p. 62
5.4 Diffusion in Gases	p. 64
5.5 Thermal Diffusion, Dufour Effect, and Pressure Diffusion	p. 66
5.6 Comparison with Experiments	p. 67
5.7 Exercises	p. 71
6 Chemical Kinetics	p. 73
6.1 Rate Laws and Reaction Orders	p. 73
6.2 Relation of Forward and Reverse Reactions	p. 75
6.3 Elementary Reactions, Reaction Molecularity	p. 75
6.4 Experimental Investigation of Elementary Reactions	p. 77
6.5 Temperature Dependence of Rate Coefficients	p. 79
6.6 Pressure Dependence of Rate Coefficients	p. 81
6.7 Surface Reactions	p. 84
6.8 Exercises	p. 88
7 Reaction Mechanisms	p. 91
7.1 Characteristics of Reaction Mechanisms	p. 91
7.1.1 Quasi-Steady States	p. 92
7.1.2 Partial Equilibrium	p. 94
7.2 Analysis of Reaction Mechanisms	p. 97
7.2.1 Sensitivity Analysis	p. 97
7.2.2 Reaction Flow Analysis	p. 101
7.2.3 Eigenvalue Analyses of Chemical Reaction Systems	p. 103
7.3 Stiffness of Ordinary Differential Equation Systems	p. 107
7.4 Simplification of Reaction Mechanisms	p. 107
7.5 Radical Chain Reactions	p. 115
7.6 Exercises	p. 117
8 Laminar Premixed Flames	p. 119
8.1 Zeldovich's Analysis of Flame Propagation	p. 119
8.2 Flame Structures	p. 121
8.3 Flame Velocities	p. 124
8.4 Sensitivity Analysis	p. 127
8.5 Exercises	p. 128
9 Laminar Nonpremixed Flames	p. 129
9.1 Counterflow Nonpremixed Flames	p. 129
9.2 Laminar Jet Nonpremixed Flames	p. 133
9.3 Nonpremixed Flames With Fast Chemistry	p. 135
9.4 Exercises	p. 138
10 Ignition Processes	p. 141
10.1 Semenov's Analysis of Thermal Explosions	p. 142
10.2 Frank-Kamenetskii's Analysis of Thermal Explosions	p. 143
10.3 Autoignition: Ignition Limits	p. 145
10.4 Autoignition: Ignition-Delay Time	p. 148
10.5 Induced Ignition, Minimum Ignition Energies	p. 149
10.6 Spark Ignition	p. 153
10.7 Detonations	p. 157
10.8 Exercises	p. 163
11 Low-Temperature Oxidation, Engine Knock	p. 165
11.1 Fundamental Phenomena in Otto Engines	p. 165
11.2 Oxidation at Intermediate Temperatures	p. 168
11.3 Low-Temperature Oxidation	p. 169
11.4 Ignition Processes in Reciprocating Engines	p. 173
11.4.1 Knock Damages in Otto Engines	p. 173
11.4.2 Ignition in Diesel Engines	p. 174
11.4.3 The HCCI Concept	p. 175
11.4.4 The DICI Concept	p. 177
11.5 Exercises	p. 178
12 The Navier-Stokes-Equations for Three-Dimensional Reacting Flow	p. 179
12.1 The Conservation Equations	p. 179
12.1.1 Overall Mass Conservation	p. 180
12.1.2 Species Mass Conservation	p. 181
12.1.3 Momentum Conservation	p. 181
12.1.4 Energy Conservation	p. 182
12.2 The Empirical Laws	p. 183
12.2.1 Newton's Law	p. 183
12.2.2 Fourier's Law	p. 184
12.2.3 Fick's Law and Thermal Diffusion	p. 184
12.2.4 Calculation of the Transport Coefficients from Molecular Parameters	p. 185
12.3 Exercises	p. 185
13 Turbulent Reacting Flows	p. 187
13.1 Some Fundamental Phenomena	p. 187
13.2 Direct Numerical Simulation	p. 189
13.3 Concepts for Turbulence Modeling: Time- and Favre-Averaging	p. 192
13.4 Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Equations	p. 194
13.5 Turbulence Models	p. 196
13.6 Mean Reaction Rates	p. 200
13.7 Concepts for Turbulence Modeling: Probability Density Functions	p. 202
13.8 Eddy-Break-Up Models	p. 206
13.9 Turbulent Scales	p. 207
13.10 Large-Eddy Simulation (LES)	p. 209
13.11 Exercises	p. 211
14 Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames	p. 213
14.1 Nonpremixed Flames with Equilibrium Chemistry	p. 214
14.2 Finite-Rate Chemistry in Nonpremixed Flames	p. 217
14.3 Flame Extinction	p. 221
14.4 PDF-Simulations of Turbulent Non-Premixed Flames Using a Monte-Carlo Method	p. 224
14.5 Exercises	p. 226
15 Turbulent Premixed Flames	p. 227
15.1 Classification of Turbulent Premixed Flames	p. 227
15.2 Flamelet Models	p. 230
15.2.1 Flamelet Modelling Using a Reaction Progress Variable	p. 231
15.2.2 Flamelet Modelling Using a Level-Set Method	p. 232
15.3 Turbulent Flame Velocity	p. 233
15.4 Flame Extinction	p. 235
15.5 Other Models of Turbulent Premixed Combustion	p. 237
15.6 Exercises	p. 238
16 Combustion of Liquid and Solid Fuels	p. 239
16.1 Droplet Combustion	p. 239
16.1.1 Combustion of Single Droplets	p. 240
16.1.2 Combustion of Droplet Groups	p. 244
16.2 Spray Combustion	p. 246
16.2.1 Formation of Sprays	p. 246
16.2.2 Spray Combustion Modes	p. 247
16.2.3 Statistical Description of Sprays	p. 249
16.2.4 Modeling of Turbulent Spray Combustion	p. 252
16.2.5 Flamelet-Type Models for Spray Combustion	p. 253
16.3 Coal Combustion	p. 255
16.3.1 Pyrolysis of Coal	p. 255
16.3.2 Burning of Volatile Compounds	p. 256
16.3.3 Burning of the Coke	p. 256
16.3.4 Coal Gasification	p. 257
16.4 Exercises	p. 258
17 Formation of Nitric Oxides	p. 259
17.1 Thermal NO (Zeldovich NO)	p. 259
17.2 Prompt NO (Fenimore NO)	p. 262
17.3 NO Generated via Nitrous Oxide	p. 265
17.4 Conversion of Fuel Nitrogen into NO	p. 265
17.5 NO Reduction by Combustion Modifications	p. 267
17.6 Catalytic Combustion	p. 271
17.7 NO Reduction by Post-Combustion Processes	p. 272
17.8 Exercises	p. 275
18 Formation of Hydrocarbons and Soot	p. 277
18.1 Unburnt Hydrocarbons	p. 277
18.1.1 Flame Extinction Due to Strain	p. 278
18.1.2 Flame Extinction at Walls and in Gaps	p. 278
18.2 Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)	p. 280
18.3 The Phenomenology of Soot Formation	p. 283
18.4 Modelling and Simulation of Soot Formation	p. 287
18.5 Exercises	p. 296
19 Effects of Combustion Processes on the Atmosphere	p. 297
19.1 The Structure of the Atmosphere	p. 297
19.1.1 Pressure in the Atmosphere	p. 297
19.1.2 Temperature and Classification of Compartments in the Atmosphere	p. 299
19.1.3 Composition of the Atmosphere	p. 300
19.2 The Atmosphere as a Photochemical System	p. 300
19.2.1 Lambert-Beer Law	p. 300
19.2.2 Stern-Vollmer Equation	p. 301
19.2.3 Formation of Photochemical Layers	p. 302
19.3 Incoming Sun Radiation, Photochemical Primary Processes	p. 303
19.4 Physical Processes in the Atmosphere	p. 305
19.4.1 Conservation of the Mass of Species	p. 305
19.4.2 Conservation of Energy	p. 306
19.4.3 Solution of the Conservation Equations	p. 307
19.5 Chemistry of the Unpolluted Atmosphere	p. 307
19.5.1 Pure Oxygen Atmosphere	p. 307
19.5.2 Oxygen-Nitrogen-Hydrogen-Carbon Atmosphere	p. 308
19.6 Chemistry of the Polluted Atmosphere	p. 310
19.6.1 Photochemical Smog	p. 310
19.6.2 Supersonic Transports	p. 314
19.6.3 Green-House Effect	p. 315
19.6.4 Acid rain	p. 316
19.7 The Role of Combustion Sources in Atmospheric Pollution	p. 317
20 Appendix 1: Mathematics	p. 319
20.1 Some Definitions and Laws for Vectors and Tensors	p. 319
20.2.1 Formulation of the Problem	p. 320
20.2.2 General Remarks on Solution Algorithms for ODE Systems	p. 321
20.2.3 Euler Method	p. 322
20.2.4 Extrapolation Method	p. 324
20.3 Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equation Systems	p. 325
20.3.1 Spatial Discretization	p. 326
20.3.2 Initial Values, Boundary Conditions, Stationary Solution	p. 328
20.3.3 Explicit Solution Methods	p. 329
20.3.4 Implicit Solution Methods	p. 330
20.3.5 Semi-implicit Solution of Partial Differential Equations	p. 330
20.3.6 Implicit Solution of Partial Differential Equations	p. 331
21 Appendix 2: Reaction Mechanisms	p. 333
21.1 Mechanism of the Oxidation of H[subscript 2], CO, C[subscript 1] and C[subscript 2] Hydrocarbons	p. 333
21.2 Reaction Mechanism of the Generation and Consumption of NOx	p. 340
22 References	p. 345
23 Index	p. 367

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