Mass transfer and separation processes : principles and applications

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010124466	QC318.M3 B37 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010175714	QC318.M3 B37 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Mass transfer along with separation processes is an area that is often quite challenging to master, as most volumes currently available complicate the learning by teaching mass transfer linked with heat transfer, rather than focusing on more relevant techniques.

With this thoroughly updated second edition, Mass Transfer and Separation Processes: Principles and Applications presents a highly thoughtful and instructive introduction to this sophisticated material by teaching mass transfer and separation processes as unique though related entities. In an ever increasing effort to demystify the subject, with this edition, the author--

Avoids more complex separation processes Places a greater emphasis on the art of simplifying assumptions Conveys a greater sense of scale with the inclusion of numerous photos of actual installations Makes the math only as complicated as necessary while reviewing fundamental principles that may have been forgotten

The book explores essential principles and reinforces the concepts with classical and contemporary illustrations drawn from the engineering, environmental, and biological sciences. The theories of heat conduction and transfer are utilized not so much to draw analogies but rather to make fruitful use of existing solutions not seen in other texts on the subject.

Both an introductory resource and a reference, this important text serves environmental, biomedical, and engineering professionals, as well as anyone wishing to gain a grasp on this subject and its increasing relevance across a number of fields. It fills a void in traditional chemical engineering literature by providing access to the principles and working practices that allow mass transfer theory to be applied to separation processes.

1 Some Basic Notions: Rates of Mass Transfer	p. 1
1.1 Gradient-Driven and Forced Transport	p. 2
1.1.1 The Rate Laws	p. 2
1.1.2 The Transport Diffusivities	p. 5
1.1.3 The Gradient	p. 7
1.1.4 Simple Integrations of Fick's Law	p. 14
1.2 Transport Driven by a Potential Difference (Constant Gradient): The Film Concept and the Mass Transfer Coefficient	p. 21
1.2.1 Units of the Potential and of the Mass Transfer Coefficient	p. 24
1.2.2 Equimolar Diffusion and Diffusion through a Stagnant Film: The Log-Mean Concentration Difference	p. 26
1.2.2.1 Equimolar Counterdiffusion	p. 27
1.2.2.2 Diffusion through a Stagnant Film	p. 27
1.3 The Two-Film Theory	p. 33
1.3.1 Overall Driving Forces and Mass Transfer Coefficients	p. 36
1.3.1.1 Comments	p. 38
Practice Problems	p. 42
2 Modeling Mass Transport: The Mass Balances	p. 51
2.1 The Compartment or Stirred Tank and the One-Dimensional Pipe	p. 51
2.2 The Classification of Mass Balances	p. 62
2.2.1 The Role of Balance Space	p. 62
2.2.2 The Role of Time	p. 63
2.2.2.1 Unsteady Integral Balances	p. 63
2.2.2.2 Cumulative (Integral) Balances	p. 63
2.2.2.3 Unsteady Differential Balances	p. 64
2.2.3 Dependent and Independent Variables	p. 64
2.3 Information Obtained from Model Solutions	p. 76
2.4 Setting Up Partial Differential Equations	p. 78
2.5 The General Conservation Equations	p. 90
Practice Problems	p. 99
3 Diffusion through Gases, Liquids, and Solids	p. 107
3.1 Diffusion Coefficients	p. 107
3.1.1 Diffusion in Gases	p. 107
3.1.2 Diffusion in Liquids	p. 111
3.1.3 Diffusion in Solids	p. 118
3.1.3.1 Diffusion of Gases through Polymers and Metals	p. 118
3.1.3.2 Diffusion of Gases through Porous Solids	p. 126
3.1.3.3 Diffusion of Solids in Solids	p. 134
Practice Problems	p. 137
4 More about Diffusion: Transient Diffusion and Diffusion with Reaction	p. 143
4.1 Transient Diffusion	p. 143
4.1.1 Source Problems	p. 145
4.1.2 Nonsource Problems	p. 157
4.1.2.1 Diffusion into a Semi-Infinite Medium	p. 157
4.1.2.2 Diffusion in Finite Geometries: The Plane Sheet, the Cylinder, and the Sphere	p. 161
4.1.2.3 Diffusion in Finite Geometries: The "Short-Time" and "Long-Time" Solutions	p. 166
4.2 Diffusion and Reaction	p. 170
4.2.1 Reaction and Diffusion in a Catalyst Particle	p. 171
4.2.2 Gas-Solid Reactions Accompanied by Diffusion: Moving-Boundary Problems	p. 171
4.2.3 Gas-Liquid Systems: Reaction and Diffusion in the Liquid Film	p. 172
Practice Problems	p. 186
5 More about Mass Transfer Coefficients	p. 195
5.1 Dimensionless Groups	p. 196
5.2 Mass Transfer Coefficients in Laminar Flow: Extraction from the PDE Model	p. 200
5.2.1 Mass Transfer Coefficients in Laminar Tubular Flow	p. 201
5.2.2 Mass Transfer Coefficients in Laminar Flow around Simple Geometries	p. 203
5.3 Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow: Dimensional Analysis and the Buckingham [Pi] Theorem	p. 206
5.3.1 Dimensional Analysis	p. 206
5.3.2 The Buckingham [Pi] Theorem	p. 207
5.4 Mass Transfer Coefficients for Tower Packings	p. 216
5.5 Mass Transfer Coefficients in Agitated Vessels	p. 222
5.6 Mass Transfer Coefficients in the Environment: Uptake and Clearance of Toxic Substances in Animals - The Bioconcentration Factor	p. 226
Practice Problems	p. 231
6 Phase Equilibria	p. 239
6.1 Single-Component Systems: Vapor Pressure	p. 240
6.2 Multicomponent Systems: Distribution of a Single Component	p. 246
6.2.1 Gas-Liquid Equilibria	p. 246
6.2.2 Liquid and Solid Solubilities	p. 251
6.2.3 Fluid-Solid Equilibria: The Langmuir Isotherm	p. 253
6.2.4 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria: The Triangular Phase Diagram	p. 264
6.2.5 Equilibria Involving a Supercritical Fluid	p. 270
6.2.6 Equilibria in Biology and the Environment: Partitioning of a Solute between Compartments	p. 274
6.3 Multicomponent Equilibria: Distribution of Several Components	p. 276
6.3.1 The Phase Rule	p. 276
6.3.2 Binary Vapor-Liquid Equilibria	p. 277
6.3.2.1 Phase Diagrams	p. 277
6.3.2.2 Ideal Solutions and Raoult's Law: Deviation from Ideality	p. 280
6.3.2.3 Activity Coefficients	p. 282
6.3.3 The Separation Factor [alpha]: Azeotropes	p. 284
Practice Problems	p. 293
7 Staged Operations: The Equilibrium Stage	p. 299
7.1 Equilibrium Stages	p. 301
7.1.1 Single-Stage Processes	p. 301
7.1.2 Single-Stage Differential Operation	p. 307
7.2 Staged Cascades	p. 313
7.2.1 Crosscurrent Cascades	p. 313
7.2.2 Countercurrent Cascades	p. 320
7.2.3 Countercurrent Cascades: The Linear Case and the Kremser Equation	p. 323
7.3 The Equilibrium Stage in the Real World	p. 330
7.3.1 The Mixer-Settler Configuration	p. 330
7.3.2 Gas-Liquid Systems: The Tray Tower	p. 331
7.3.3 Staged Liquid Extraction Again: The Karr Column	p. 332
7.3.4 Staged Leaching: Oil Extraction from Seeds	p. 333
7.3.5 Staged Washing of Solids (CCD)	p. 335
7.4 Multistage Distillation	p. 336
7.4.1 Continuous Fractional Distillation	p. 337
7.4.2 Mass and Energy Balances: Equimolar Overflow and Vaporization	p. 339
7.4.3 The McCabe-Thiele Diagram	p. 341
7.4.4 Minimum Reflux Ratio and Number of Plates	p. 346
7.4.4.1 Comments	p. 348
7.4.5 Column and Tray Parameters	p. 356
7.4.6 Limiting Flow Rates: Column Diameter	p. 358
7.4.6.1 Gas or Vapor Flow Rates	p. 359
7.4.6.2 Liquid Velocities	p. 360
7.4.6.3 Lower Limits	p. 360
7.4.6.4 Comments	p. 360
7.4.7 Batch Fractional Distillation: Model Equations and Some Simple Algebraic Calculations	p. 360
7.4.7.1 Distillation at Constant x[subscript D], Variable R	p. 362
7.4.7.2 Distillation at Constant R, Variable x[subscript D]	p. 364
7.4.7.3 Multicomponent Batch Distillation (Forget McCabe-Thiele, Part 2)	p. 366
7.5 Percolation Processes	p. 367
7.6 Stage Efficiencies	p. 370
7.6.1 Distillation and Absorption	p. 370
7.6.2 Extraction	p. 372
7.6.3 Adsorption and Leaching	p. 372
7.6.4 Percolation Processes	p. 373
Practice Problems	p. 376
8 Continuous-Contact Operations	p. 385
8.1 Packed-Column Operation	p. 386
8.1.1 The Countercurrent Gas Scrubber Revisited	p. 387
8.1.1.1 Comments	p. 390
8.1.2 The Countercurrent Gas Scrubber Again: Analysis of the Linear Case	p. 391
8.1.2.1 Comments	p. 394
8.1.3 Packed Column Characteristics	p. 395
8.1.3.1 Main Features	p. 395
8.1.3.2 Relation between HTU and HETP	p. 396
8.1.3.3 Operational Parameters	p. 396
8.1.3.4 Comparison of Packed and Tray Columns	p. 398
8.1.4 Liquid-Liquid Extraction in a Packed Column	p. 403
8.2 Membrane Processes	p. 411
8.2.1 Membrane Structure, Configuration, and Applications	p. 413
8.2.2 Process Considerations and Calculations	p. 418
Practice Problems	p. 433
9 Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer	p. 439
9.1 The Air-Water System: Humidification and Dehumidification, Evaporative Cooling	p. 440
9.1.1 The Wet-Bulb Temperature	p. 440
9.1.2 The Adiabatic Saturation Temperature and the Psychrometric Ratio	p. 441
9.1.3 Model for Countercurrent Air-Water Contact: The Water Cooling Tower	p. 448
9.1.3.1 Water Balance Over Gas Phase (kg H[superscript 2]O/mls)	p. 448
9.1.3.2 Water Balance Over Water Phase	p. 449
9.1.3.3 Gas-Phase Energy Balance (kJ/m[superscript 2]s)	p. 450
9.1.3.4 Liquid-Phase Energy Balance (kJ/m[superscript 2]s)	p. 450
9.2 Drying Operations	p. 455
9.3 Heat Effects in a Catalyst Pellet: The Nonisothermal Effectiveness Factor	p. 462
9.3.1 Comments	p. 465
Practice Problems	p. 467
Selected References	p. 469
Appendix A1 The D-Operator Method	p. 475
Appendix A2 Hyperbolic Functions and ODEs	p. 477
Index	p. 479

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