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Searching... | 30000010124832 | QP113.2 C37 2007 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
For about hundred years the investigation of heart physiology has had one central guiding principle, the "law" of Frank and Starling. This connects the return of blood into the heart and the blood pressure with cardiac con traction force. The "law" does it in a way that enables the cardiovascular system to react to perturbations without major malfunctions. This book is a compilation of reviews of prominent scientists on this subject. The differ ence of the original formulation of the Frank-Starling principle is that mechanotransduction is the central theme that leads the reader through the book. Since the discovery of the "law" the scope of topics related to this subject has broadened enormously, as can be seen easily by glancing at the contents of this book. Mechanotransduction in the heart has many faces that range from molecules to humans and their diseases. We editors hope that the large amount of knowledge compressed into the book's chapters forms a balanced treatment and that the text is easily approached by all who want to know what cardiac mechanotransduction is about. Matti Weckstrom and Pasi Tavi Oulu, Finland June 16. 2006 Ackno^vledgments The editors are grateful to all authors for their magnificent contributions and for their patience during compiling this book. This work was supported by the University of Oulu, the Biocenter Oulu and the Academy of Finland.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xi |
1 The Mechanosensory Heart: A Multidisciplinary Approach | p. 1 |
Introduction: Mechanosensation in the Heart | p. 1 |
Cornucopia of Cardiac Mechanotransduction | p. 4 |
2 Origin of Mechanotransduction: Stretch-Activated Ion Channels | p. 8 |
Terminology | p. 9 |
How Are Mechanical Forces Transmitted in the Heart? | p. 10 |
Characteristics of Mechanosensitive Currents in Single Channel Recordings | p. 11 |
Characteristics of Mechanosensitive Currents in Whole-Cell Recordings | p. 15 |
Effects of Stretch on Cardiac Electrical Activity | p. 19 |
Stretch-Induced Elevation of [Ca 2++ ] i and [Na 2++ ] i | p. 20 |
3 The Role of the Sarcomere and Cytoskeleton in Cardiac Mechanotransduction | p. 28 |
The Sarcomere and Force Development | p. 29 |
The Cytoskeleton and Mechanotransduction | p. 38 |
4 Mechanoelectric Transduction/Feedback Physiology and Pathophysiology | p. 48 |
Brief Historical Introduction | p. 48 |
Prevalence | p. 49 |
Some Pitfalls in Interpretation | p. 53 |
Mechanisms: Mechanoelectric Transducers as the Initiating Event | p. 54 |
Theoretical (Abstract) Reflections | p. 57 |
Pathophysiology: Clinically Related Expression | p. 61 |
Mechanoelectric Transduction/Feedback as a Fundamental Surrogate in Arhythmia? | p. 61 |
5 Mechanotransduction in Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure | p. 78 |
Introduction: Cardiac Remodeling and Failure Are Dependent on Mechanical Forces | p. 78 |
Myocyte Response to External Loads | p. 79 |
Mechanotransduction | p. 81 |
The Cytoskeleton and Its Role in Load Transduction | p. 82 |
LIM Protein Deficiencies Lead to Cardiomyopathies | p. 83 |
6 Second Messenger Systems Involved in Heart Mechanotranduction | p. 93 |
Neurohumoral Factors Mediate Mechanical Stress-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy | p. 94 |
The Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Pathway | p. 96 |
The JAK/STAT Pathway | p. 96 |
ECM-Integrin Pathway | p. 97 |
Ca2+ Regulates the Development of Cardiac Hypertrophy | p. 97 |
7 The Role of Adrenoceptors in Mechanotransduction | p. 106 |
Adrenoceptors in the Heart | p. 107 |
The Role of ¿1-Adrenoceptors in Pressure Induced Hypertrophy | p. 107 |
¿1-Adrenoceptors and Their Involvement in Pressure Induced Hypertrophy | p. 108 |
The Signalling of ¿1-Adrenoceptors in Pressure Induced Hypertrophy | p. 109 |
The Role of ¿2-Adrenoceptors in Pressure Induced Hypertrophy | p. 111 |
The Role of ß1-Adrenoceptors in Pressure Induced Hypertrophy | p. 111 |
The Role of ß2-Adrenoceptors in Pressure Induced Hypertrophy | p. 113 |
8 Intracellular Signaling Through Protein Kinases in Cardiac Mechanotransduction | p. 120 |
'Extrinsic' and 'Intrinsic' Mechanotransduction | p. 121 |
Endpoints of Myocyte and Myocardial Hypertrophy | p. 121 |
Signaling in Mechanotransduction and Hypertrophy: Protein Kinase C | p. 122 |
Signaling in Mechanotransduction and Hypertrophy: The Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1/2 Cascade | p. 124 |
Signaling in Mechanotransduction and Hypertrophy: The Strees-Activated Protein Kinases | p. 126 |
'Focal Adhesion'-Associated Signaling: Basic Information | p. 127 |
Signaling in Mechanotransduction and Hypertrophy: Focal Adhesion-Based Signaling | p. 128 |
Signaling in Mechanotransduction and Hypertrophy: Other Protein Kinases (and Phosphatases) | p. 128 |
9 Mechanotransduction of the Endocrine Heart Paracrine and Intracellular Regulation of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Synthesis | p. 134 |
Natriuretic Peptide Family | p. 134 |
Activation of BNP Synthesis by Mechanical Load | p. 135 |
Local Paracrine and Autocrine Factors and BNP Synthesis during Mechanical Load | p. 136 |
Cytosolic Mechanotransduction on BNP Gene | p. 137 |
Nuclear Mechanotransduction on BNP Gene | p. 139 |
Index | p. 145 |