Title:
Hydrodynamics and water quality : modeling rivers, lakes, and estuaries
Personal Author:
Publication Information:
Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2008
Physical Description:
xxii, 676 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm. + 1 CD-ROM
ISBN:
9780470135433
General Note:
Accompanied by CD-ROM : CP 014868
Available:*
Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Searching... | 30000010172880 | TC175 J59 2008 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
Searching... | 30000010194037 | TC175 J59 2008 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
This reference gets you up to speed on mathematical modeling for environmental and water resources management. With a practical, application-oriented approach, it discusses hydrodynamics, sediment processes, toxic fate and transport, and water quality and eutrophication in rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters. A companion CD-ROM includes a modeling package and electronic files of numerical models, case studies, and model results. This is a core reference for water quality professionals and an excellent text for graduate students.
Author Notes
Zhen-Gang (Jeff) Ji, PhD, DES, PE, is an oceanographer and numerical modeler with the Minerals Management Service
Table of Contents
Foreword | p. xiii |
Preface | p. xv |
Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.1 Overview | p. 1 |
1.2 Understanding Surface Waters | p. 4 |
1.3 Modeling of Surface Waters | p. 7 |
1.4 About This Book | p. 11 |
2 Hydrodynamics | p. 13 |
2.1 Hydrodynamic Processes | p. 14 |
2.1.1 Water Density | p. 14 |
2.1.2 Conservation Laws | p. 16 |
2.1.3 Advection and Dispersion | p. 20 |
2.1.4 Mass Balance Equation | p. 25 |
2.1.5 Atmospheric Forcings | p. 27 |
2.1.6 Coriolis Force and Geostrophic Flow | p. 32 |
2.2 Governing Equations | p. 35 |
2.2.1 Basic Approximations | p. 35 |
2.2.2 Equations in Cartesian Coordinates | p. 38 |
2.2.3 Vertical Mixing and Turbulence Models | p. 48 |
2.2.4 Equations in Curvilinear Coordinates | p. 52 |
2.2.5 Initial Conditions and Boundary Conditions | p. 58 |
2.3 Temperature | p. 62 |
2.3.1 Heatflux Components | p. 65 |
2.3.2 Temperature Formulations | p. 73 |
2.4 Hydrodynamic Modeling | p. 77 |
2.4.1 Hydrodynamic Parameters and Data Requirements | p. 78 |
2.4.2 Case Study I: Lake Okeechobee | p. 82 |
2.4.3 Case Study II: St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon | p. 98 |
3 Sediment Transport | p. 113 |
3.1 Overview | p. 113 |
3.1.1 Properties of Sediment | p. 114 |
3.1.2 Problems Associated with Sediment | p. 117 |
3.2 Sediment Processes | p. 119 |
3.2.1 Particle Settling | p. 120 |
3.2.2 Horizontal Transport of Sediment | p. 122 |
3.2.3 Resuspension and Deposition | p. 126 |
3.2.4 Equations for Sediment Transport | p. 128 |
3.2.5 Turbidity and Secchi Depth | p. 130 |
3.3 Cohesive Sediment | p. 134 |
3.3.1 Vertical Profiles of Cohesive Sediment Concentrations | p. 136 |
3.3.2 Flocculation | p. 138 |
3.3.3 Settling of Cohesive Sediment | p. 139 |
3.3.4 Deposition of Cohesive Sediment | p. 143 |
3.3.5 Resuspension of Cohesive Sediment | p. 145 |
3.4 Noncohesive Sediment | p. 149 |
3.4.1 Shields Diagram | p. 149 |
3.4.2 Settling and Equilibrium Concentration | p. 152 |
3.4.3 Bed Load Transport | p. 155 |
3.5 Sediment Bed | p. 156 |
3.5.1 Characteristics of Sediment Bed | p. 157 |
3.5.2 A Model for Sediment Bed | p. 159 |
3.6 Wind Waves | p. 162 |
3.6.1 Wave Processes | p. 163 |
3.6.2 Wind Wave Characteristics | p. 168 |
3.6.3 Wind Wave Models | p. 170 |
3.6.4 Combined Flows of Wind Waves and Currents | p. 172 |
3.6.5 Case Study: Wind Wave Modeling in Lake Okeechobee | p. 174 |
3.7 Sediment Transport Modeling | p. 179 |
3.7.1 Sediment Parameters and Data Requirements | p. 180 |
3.7.2 Case Study I: Lake Okeechobee | p. 182 |
3.7.3 Case Study II: Blackstone River | p. 191 |
4 Pathogens and Toxics | p. 201 |
4.1 Overview | p. 201 |
4.2 Pathogens | p. 203 |
4.2.1 Bacteria, Viruses, and Protozoa | p. 204 |
4.2.2 Pathogen Indicators | p. 206 |
4.2.3 Processes Affecting Pathogens | p. 208 |
4.3 Toxic Substances | p. 210 |
4.3.1 Toxic Organic Chemicals | p. 213 |
4.3.2 Metals | p. 214 |
4.3.3 Sorption and Desorption | p. 216 |
4.4 Fate and Transport Processes | p. 220 |
4.4.1 Mathematical Formulations | p. 220 |
4.4.2 Processes Affecting Fate and Decay | p. 223 |
4.5 Contaminant Modeling | p. 229 |
4.5.1 Case Study I: St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon | p. 230 |
4.5.2 Case Study II: Rockford Lake | p. 239 |
5 Water Quality and Eutrophication | p. 247 |
5.1 Overview | p. 248 |
5.1.1 Eutrophication | p. 248 |
5.1.2 Algae | p. 250 |
5.1.3 Nutrients | p. 253 |
5.1.4 Dissolved Oxygen | p. 261 |
5.1.5 Governing Equations for Water Quality Processes | p. 262 |
5.2 Algae | p. 274 |
5.2.1 Algal Biomass and Chlorophyll | p. 275 |
5.2.2 Equations for Algal Processes | p. 277 |
5.2.3 Algal Growth | p. 279 |
5.2.4 Algal Reduction | p. 285 |
5.2.5 Silica and Diatom | p. 289 |
5.2.6 Periphyton | p. 292 |
5.3 Organic Carbon | p. 294 |
5.3.1 Decomposition of Organic Carbon | p. 296 |
5.3.2 Equations for Organic Carbon | p. 296 |
5.3.3 Heterotrophic Respiration and Dissolution | p. 298 |
5.4 Phosphorus | p. 299 |
5.4.1 Equations for Phosphorus State Variables | p. 302 |
5.4.2 Phosphorus Processes | p. 305 |
5.5 Nitrogen | p. 308 |
5.5.1 Forms of Nitrogen | p. 309 |
5.5.2 Equations for Nitrogen State Variables | p. 311 |
5.5.3 Nitrogen Processes | p. 317 |
5.6 Dissolved Oxygen | p. 322 |
5.6.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand | p. 325 |
5.6.2 Processes and Equations of Dissolved Oxygen | p. 328 |
5.6.3 Effects of Photosynthesis and Respiration | p. 331 |
5.6.4 Reaeration | p. 332 |
5.6.5 Chemical Oxygen Demand | p. 336 |
5.7 Sediment Fluxes | p. 336 |
5.7.1 Sediment Diagenesis Model | p. 338 |
5.7.2 Depositional Fluxes | p. 344 |
5.7.3 Diagenesis Fluxes | p. 347 |
5.7.4 Sediment Fluxes | p. 348 |
5.7.5 Silica | p. 365 |
5.7.6 Coupling with Sediment Resuspension | p. 366 |
5.8 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation | p. 368 |
5.8.1 Introduction | p. 369 |
5.8.2 Equations for a SAV Model | p. 371 |
5.8.3 Coupling with the Water Quality Model | p. 378 |
5.9 Water Quality Modeling | p. 385 |
5.9.1 Model Parameters and Data Requirements | p. 387 |
5.9.2 Case Study I: Lake Okeechobee | p. 390 |
5.9.3 Case Study II: St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon | p. 406 |
6 External Sources and TMDL | p. 417 |
6.1 Point Sources and Nonpoint Sources | p. 417 |
6.2 Atmospheric Deposition | p. 420 |
6.3 Wetlands and Groundwater | p. 424 |
6.3.1 Wetlands | p. 424 |
6.3.2 Groundwater | p. 427 |
6.4 Watershed Processes and TMDL Development | p. 430 |
6.4.1 Watershed Processes | p. 430 |
6.4.2 Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) | p. 433 |
7 Mathematical Modeling and Statistical Analyses | p. 437 |
7.1 Mathematical Models | p. 437 |
7.1.1 Numerical Models | p. 440 |
7.1.2 Model Selection | p. 444 |
7.1.3 Spatial Resolution and Temporal Resolution | p. 447 |
7.2 Statistical Analyses | p. 449 |
7.2.1 Statistics for Model Performance Evaluation | p. 450 |
7.2.2 Correlation and Regression | p. 452 |
7.2.3 Spectral Analysis | p. 454 |
7.2.4 Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) | p. 457 |
7.2.5 EOF Case Study | p. 460 |
7.3 Model Calibration and Verification | p. 466 |
7.3.1 Model Calibration | p. 467 |
7.3.2 Model Verification and Validation | p. 470 |
7.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis | p. 471 |
8 Rivers | p. 473 |
8.1 Characteristics of Rivers | p. 473 |
8.2 Hydrodynamic Processes in Rivers | p. 477 |
8.2.1 River Flow and the Manning Equation | p. 477 |
8.2.2 Advection and Dispersion in Rivers | p. 481 |
8.2.3 Flow over Dams | p. 482 |
8.3 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Rivers | p. 485 |
8.3.1 Sediment and Contaminants in Rivers | p. 485 |
8.3.2 Impacts of River Flow on Water Quality | p. 486 |
8.3.3 Eutrophication and Periphyton in Rivers | p. 488 |
8.3.4 Dissolved Oxygen in Rivers | p. 489 |
8.4 River Modeling | p. 492 |
8.4.1 Case Study I: Blackstone River | p. 493 |
8.4.2 Case Study II: Susquehanna River | p. 503 |
9 Lakes and Reservoirs | p. 509 |
9.1 Characteristics of Lakes and Reservoirs | p. 509 |
9.1.1 Key Factors Controlling a Lake | p. 510 |
9.1.2 Vertical Stratification | p. 511 |
9.1.3 Biological Zones in Lakes | p. 514 |
9.1.4 Characteristics of Reservoirs | p. 515 |
9.1.5 Lake Pollution and Eutrophication | p. 519 |
9.2 Hydrodynamic Processes | p. 521 |
9.2.1 Inflow, Outflow, and Water Budget | p. 522 |
9.2.2 Wind Forcing and Vertical Circulations | p. 525 |
9.2.3 Seasonal Variations of Stratification | p. 527 |
9.2.4 Gyres | p. 530 |
9.2.5 Seiches | p. 532 |
9.3 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Lakes | p. 538 |
9.3.1 Sediment Deposition in Reservoirs and Lakes | p. 538 |
9.3.2 Algae and Nutrient Stratifications | p. 540 |
9.3.3 Dissolved Oxygen Stratifications | p. 543 |
9.3.4 Internal Cycling and Limiting Functions in Shallow Lakes | p. 546 |
9.4 Lake Modeling | p. 550 |
9.4.1 Case Study I: Lake Tenkiller | p. 551 |
9.4.2 Case Study II: Lake Okeechobee | p. 560 |
10 Estuaries and Coastal Waters | p. 567 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 567 |
10.2 Tidal Processes | p. 572 |
10.2.1 Tides | p. 572 |
10.2.2 Tidal Currents | p. 576 |
10.2.3 Harmonic Analysis | p. 580 |
10.3 Hydrodynamic Processes in Estuaries | p. 584 |
10.3.1 Salinity | p. 585 |
10.3.2 Estuarine Circulation | p. 586 |
10.3.3 Stratifications of Estuaries | p. 588 |
10.3.4 Flushing Time | p. 593 |
10.4 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Estuaries | p. 600 |
10.4.1 Sediment Transport under Tidal Forcing | p. 600 |
10.4.2 Flocculation of Cohesive Sediment and Sediment Trapping | p. 601 |
10.4.3 Eutrophication in Estuaries | p. 604 |
10.5 Estuarine and Coastal Modeling | p. 607 |
10.5.1 Open Boundary Conditions | p. 609 |
10.5.2 Case Study I: Morro Bay | p. 613 |
10.5.3 Case Study II: St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon | p. 626 |
Appendix A Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code | p. 635 |
A1 Overview | p. 635 |
A2 Hydrodynamics | p. 636 |
A3 Sediment Transport | p. 637 |
A4 Toxic Chemical Transport and Fate | p. 637 |
A5 Water Quality and Eutrophication | p. 637 |
A6 Numerical Schemes | p. 638 |
A7 Documentation and Application Aids | p. 639 |
Appendix B Conversion Factors | p. 641 |
Appendix C Contents of Electronic Files | p. 645 |
C1 Channel Model | p. 646 |
C2 St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon Model | p. 646 |
C3 Lake Okeechobee Environmental Model | p. 646 |
C4 Documentation and Utility Programs | p. 647 |
Bibliography | p. 649 |
Index | p. 671 |