Foundations of communications electronic warfare

Preface	p. xv
Chapter 1 Introduction to Jamming	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1.1 Electronic Support	p. 1
1.1.2 Electronic Attack	p. 2
1.1.3 Electronic Protect	p. 2
1.2 Information Warfare	p. 3
1.3 Communications and EW	p. 4
1.3.1 Channel State Information	p. 5
1.4 Information Theory	p. 6
1.5 Game Theory	p. 6
1.6 EW Measures of Effectiveness	p. 7
1.7 Concluding Remarks	p. 7
References	p. 8
Chapter 2 Mathematical Preliminaries	p. 11
2.1 Introduction	p. 11
2.2 Mathematical Sets	p. 11
2.3 The Algebra of Sets	p. 16
2.3.1 Groups	p. 16
2.3.2 Rings	p. 17
2.3.3 Fields	p. 18
2.3.4 Borel Fields	p. 19
2.4 Mathematical Theory of Probability	p. 20
2.4.1 Probability Space	p. 21
2.4.2 Binomial Distribution	p. 28
2.4.3 Poisson Distribution	p. 30
2.5 Random Variables	p. 30
2.5.1 Discrete and Continuous Random Variables	p. 31
2.5.2 Expectation	p. 32
2.5.3 Mean Squared Value	p. 34
2.5.4 Variance	p. 34
2.5.5 Law of Large Numbers	p. 35
2.5.6 Multivariate Probabilities	p. 37
2.5.7 Sums of Random Variables	p. 38
2.5.8 Characteristic Function	p. 39
2.5.9 Adding Probability Densities	p. 40
2.5.10 Adding Gaussian Variables	p. 41
2.5.11 Properties of the Sum of a Large Number of Random Variables	p. 41
2.6 Concluding Remarks	p. 43
References	p. 43
Chapter 3 Properties of Signals and Systems	p. 45
3.1 Introduction	p. 45
3.2 Fourier Series	p. 45
3.2.1 Fourier's Theorem	p. 45
3.2.2 Power and Parseval's Theorem	p. 47
3.2.3 Fourier Transforms	p. 49
3.2.4 Finite Power, Infinite Duration Signals	p. 52
3.3 Transmission of Signals Through Linear Systems	p. 54
3.3.1 Linear Systems	p. 54
3.3.2 Impulse Response Function	p. 55
3.3.3 Convolution	p. 56
3.3.4 The Convolution Theorem	p. 56
3.3.5 The Transfer Function	p. 57
3.3.6 Nyquist Sampling Theorem	p. 58
3.3.7 Signal Reconstruction	p. 62
3.3.8 Causality	p. 63
3.4 Intersymbol Interference	p. 63
3.5 The Autocorrelation Function and Power Spectrum	p. 68
3.5.1 Stationary Processes	p. 68
3.5.2 Correlation Functions	p. 68
3.6 Detection and Estimation Theory	p. 71
3.6.1 Bayes' Decision Theory	p. 72
3.6.2 Neyman-Pearson Hypothesis Testing	p. 79
3.7 Concluding Remarks	p. 83
References	p. 83
Chapter 4 Digital Communication Systems	p. 85
4.1 Introduction	p. 85
4.2 Digital Systems	p. 85
4.2.1 Performance Parameters	p. 88
4.2.2 Source Encoder and Decoder	p. 89
4.2.3 Channel Encoder and Decoder	p. 95
4.2.4 Modulation and Demodulation	p. 98
4.2.5 Symbol Transmission	p. 121
4.3 Encryption	p. 130
4.3.1 Cryptologic Architectures	p. 131
4.3.2 Pretty Good Privacy	p. 132
4.3.3 Digital Signatures	p. 133
4.4 Concluding Remarks	p. 135
References	p. 135
Chapter 5 Information Theory and Electronic Warfare	p. 137
5.1 Introduction	p. 137
5.2 Discrete Spaces	p. 138
5.2.1 Data Sources	p. 139
5.2.2 Information	p. 139
5.2.3 Mutual Information	p. 141
5.2.4 Entropy	p. 143
5.2.5 Memoryless Versus Markovian Symbols	p. 147
5.2.6 Properties of Entropy	p. 148
5.2.7 Information Rate	p. 151
5.2.8 Communicating Via a Channel: The Channel Matrix	p. 152
5.3 Continuous Spaces	p. 152
5.3.1 Optimum Jamming Waveform with Fixed Jammer Power	p. 154
5.3.2 A Digression	p. 160
5.4 Data Processing Theorem	p. 161
5.5 EW Channel Models	p. 163
5.5.1 Introduction	p. 163
5.5.2 Discrete Memoryless Channels	p. 164
5.5.3 Channel Capacity	p. 165
5.5.4 Binary Channel	p. 169
5.5.5 Compound Discrete Memoryless Channels	p. 174
5.5.6 Discrete Memoryless Arbitrary Varying Channels	p. 175
5.5.7 Hybrid Discrete Memoryless Channels	p. 176
5.5.8 Erasure Channels	p. 177
5.5.9 Continuous Channels	p. 178
5.5.10 Channels with Memory	p. 179
5.6 Rate Distortion Theory	p. 184
5.7 Concluding Remarks	p. 188
References	p. 188
Appendix 5A Neyman-Pearson Test for the Binary Channel	p. 190
Chapter 6 Source Coding	p. 199
6.1 Introduction	p. 199
6.2 Principles of Source Coding	p. 199
6.2.1 Coding Rate	p. 201
6.2.2 Compression Factor	p. 201
6.2.3 Source Specific Versus Universal Coding	p. 202
6.3 Coding	p. 202
6.3.1 Efficiency and Redundancy of a Code	p. 202
6.3.2 Gray Coding	p. 203
6.3.3 Huffman Coding	p. 204
6.3.4 Reducing Redundancy by Combining Symbols	p. 206
6.3.5 Shannon-Fano Coding	p. 206
6.3.6 Lempel-Ziv Coding	p. 208
6.4 Concluding Remarks	p. 209
References	p. 210
Chapter 7 Channel Coding and Electronic Warfare	p. 211
7.1 Introduction	p. 211
7.2 The Digital Communication Channel	p. 212
7.3 Encoding	p. 214
7.3.1 The Sequential Encoder	p. 215
7.3.2 Encoder and Decoder Architecture	p. 217
7.4 Error Detection and Correction	p. 219
7.4.1 Error Control	p. 220
7.5 Linear Block Codes	p. 223
7.5.1 Linear Codes	p. 224
7.6 Convolutional Codes	p. 228
7.6.1 Code Rate	p. 229
7.6.2 Convolution	p. 229
7.6.3 Encoding Process	p. 230
7.6.4 The Trellis	p. 233
7.6.5 Decoding Process-Viterbi Algorithm	p. 233
7.7 Hard Versus Soft Decisions	p. 239
7.8 Decision Metrics	p. 241
7.8.1 Side Information	p. 243
7.8.2 Coded Bit Error Rate Bound	p. 243
7.9 Punctured Convolutional Coding	p. 246
7.10 Trellis-Coded Modulation	p. 247
7.11 Communication Systems in Jamming	p. 248
7.12 Concluding Remarks	p. 252
References	p. 253
Chapter 8 Jammer Performance in Noisy, Fading Channels	p. 255
8.1 Introduction	p. 255
8.2 Fading Channels	p. 256
8.2.1 Factors Affecting Fading	p. 258
8.2.2 Types of Fading	p. 262
8.3 Jamming Performance for Binary Modulations in Slowly Fading Channels and AWGN	p. 268
8.3.1 Slow, Flat Fading	p. 268
8.3.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying	p. 270
8.3.3 Binary Frequency Shift Keying	p. 276
8.4 Jamming Effects on Channel Capacity	p. 285
8.5 Higher-Order Phase Modulations	p. 287
8.5.1 QPSK	p. 287
8.5.2 M-ary PSK	p. 288
8.6 Concluding Remarks	p. 290
References	p. 290
Chapter 9 Jamming Performance Evaluation Using Dynamic, Noncooperative Games	p. 293
9.1 Introduction	p. 293
9.2 Game Playing	p. 293
9.3 Minimax Principle	p. 295
9.3.1 Minimax Algorithm	p. 298
9.4 Games	p. 298
9.4.1 Game Taxonomy	p. 298
9.4.2 Nash Equilibrium	p. 299
9.4.3 Prisoner's Dilemma	p. 300
9.5 Strategies	p. 300
9.5.1 Jammer Performance Against On-Off Keyed Communication Systems	p. 305
9.5.2 Jamming Performance Against Coherent Binary Shift Key	p. 309
9.6 Jammer Performance with Thermal Energy Constraints	p. 311
9.6.1 Finite Horizon Game	p. 316
9.6.2 Infinite Horizon Game	p. 320
9.7 Minimax Detection of Frequency Hopping Targets	p. 327
9.8 Concluding Remarks	p. 330
References	p. 331
Chapter 10 Noise Jamming	p. 333
10.1 Introduction	p. 333
10.2 Additive White Gaussian Noise Channels	p. 333
10.3 Gaussian Arbitrarily Varying Channels	p. 335
10.4 Power Constraints	p. 338
10.5 Jamming Performance Without Real-Time Electronic Support	p. 349
10.5.1 Arbitrary and Binary Channel Inputs	p. 349
10.5.2 Other Objective Functions	p. 353
10.6 Jammer Performance with Electronic Support Information	p. 355
10.7 Convolutional Coding	p. 362
10.8 Concluding Remarks	p. 363
References	p. 365
Chapter 11 Pulsed Noise Jamming	p. 367
11.1 Introduction	p. 367
11.2 Hard Decision Receivers	p. 368
11.2.1 Jamming of CBPSK, DBPSK, CBFSK, and NCBFSK Signals	p. 368
11.3 Soft Decision Receiver, CBPSK Signals	p. 380
11.3.1 Optimum Soft Decision Receiver, Known JSI	p. 380
11.3.2 Jamming Performance against a Soft Decision Receiver and Unknown Jammer State Information and CBPSK Modulation	p. 386
11.3.3 Discussion	p. 389
11.4 Pulsed Noise Jamming of Coded CBPSK Signals	p. 390
11.4.1 Pulsed Noise Jamming of CBPSK	p. 390
11.4.2 Pulsed Noise Jamming Performance Against CBPSK with Convolutional Codes-Soft Decision	p. 393
11.4.3 Jamming Performance Against R = 1/2, K = 7 Convolutionally Coded CBPSK	p. 395
11.5 Mutual Information Objective Function-Hard Decision	p. 396
11.6 Concluding Remarks	p. 397
References	p. 398
Chapter 12 Tone Jamming	p. 401
12.1 Introduction	p. 401
12.2 Continuous Tone Jamming	p. 401
12.2.1 Hard Decision Receivers	p. 403
12.2.2 Soft Decision Receivers	p. 410
12.3 Pulsed Tone Jamming	p. 413
12.3.1 Hard Decision Receiver and Pulsed Tone Jammer	p. 413
12.3.2 Hard Decision Receiver, Tone Jamming, Frequency Mismatch	p. 415
12.3.3 Soft Decision Receiver with Pulsed Tone Jamming	p. 417
12.4 Concluding Remarks	p. 420
References	p. 421
Appendix A Introduction to the Calculus of Variations	p. 423
A.1 The Euler Equation	p. 423
A.2 Functions and Extreme Points	p. 424
A.3 Applications of the Euler Equation	p. 427
A.4 The Fundamental Lemma of the Calculus of Variations	p. 432
References	p. 432
List of Acronyms	p. 433
About the Author	p. 437
Index	p. 439

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