Cover image for Multiscale dissipative mechanisms and hierarchical surfaces : friction, superhydrophobicity, and biomimetics
Title:
Multiscale dissipative mechanisms and hierarchical surfaces : friction, superhydrophobicity, and biomimetics
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Series:
Nanoscience and technology
Publication Information:
Berlin : Springer, 2008
Physical Description:
xviii, 277 p. : ill. ; 24 cm
ISBN:
9783540784241
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30000010193950 TA418.7 N67 2008 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

Multiscale Dissipative Mechanisms and Hierarchical Surfaces covers the rapidly developing topics of hierarchical surfaces, roughness-induced superhydrophobicity and biomimetic surfaces. The research in these topics has been progressing rapidly in the recent years due to the advances in the nanosciences and surfaces science and due to potential applications in nanotechnology. The first in its field, this monograph provides a comprehensive review of these subjects and presents the background introduction as well as recent and new results in the area.


Author Notes

Michael Nosnovsky is a Research Fellow at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA). His reaearch interests include nanomechanics, multi-scale modeling in surface scienes and tribology, biomimetics. He got his Ph.D. degree in Applied Mechanics from Northeastern University (Boston, USA) and worked as a Visiting Scholar at the Ohio State University.

Dr. Bharat Bhushan is an Ohio Eminent Scholar and The Howard D. Winbigler Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, a Graduate Research Faculty Advisor in the Department of Materials Science & Engineering, and the Director of the Nanotribology Laboratory for Information Storage & MEMS/NEMS (NLIM) at the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. He holds two M.S., a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering/mechanics, an MBA, and three semi-honorary and honorary doctorates. His research interests are in nanotribology and nanomechanics and their applications to magnetic storage devices and MEMS/NEMS (Nanotechnology). He has authored 5 technical books, more than 70 handbook chapters, more than 600 technical papers in referred journals, and more than 60 technical reports, edited more than 40 books, and holds 16 U.S. and foreign patents. He is co-editor of Springer NanoScience and Technology Series and Microsystem Technologies - Micro- & Nanosystems and Information Storage & Processing Systems (formerly called Journal of Information Storage and Processing Systems). He has organized various international conferences and workshops. He is the recipient of numerous prestigious awards and international fellowships. He is a member of various professional societies, including the International Academy of Engineering (Russia).


Table of Contents

Prefacep. v
Nomenclaturep. xiii
Glossaryp. xv
Abbreviationsp. xvii
Part I Surface Roughness and Hierarchical Friction Mechanisms
1 Introductionp. 3
1.1 Surfaces and Surface Free Energyp. 3
1.2 Mesoscalep. 5
1.3 Hierarchyp. 7
1.4 Dissipationp. 7
1.5 Tribologyp. 9
1.6 Biomimetics: From Engineering to Biology and Backp. 11
2 Rough Surface Topographyp. 13
2.1 Rough Surface Characterizationp. 13
2.2 Statistical Analysis of Random Surface Roughnessp. 17
2.3 Fractal Surface Roughnessp. 20
2.4 Contact of Rough Solid Surfacesp. 23
2.5 Surface Modificationp. 25
2.5.1 Surface Texturingp. 25
2.5.2 Layer Depositionp. 25
2.6 Summaryp. 26
3 Mechanisms of Dry Friction, Their Scaling and Linear Propertiesp. 27
3.1 Approaches to the Multiscale Nature of Frictionp. 28
3.2 Mechanisms of Dry Frictionp. 31
3.2.1 Adhesive Frictionp. 31
3.2.2 Deformation of Asperitiesp. 38
3.2.3 Plastic Yieldp. 39
3.2.4 Fracturep. 39
3.2.5 Ratchet and Cobblestone Mechanismsp. 39
3.2.6 "Third Body" Mechanismp. 40
3.2.7 Discussionp. 40
3.3 Friction as a Linear Phenomenonp. 40
3.3.1 Friction, Controlled by Real Area of Contactp. 41
3.3.2 Friction Controlled by Average Surface Slopep. 43
3.3.3 Other Explanations of the Linearity of Frictionp. 44
3.3.4 Linearity and the "Small Parameter"p. 45
3.4 Summaryp. 45
4 Friction as a Nonlinear Hierarchical Phenomenonp. 47
4.1 Nonlinear Effects in Dry Frictionp. 47
4.1.1 Nonlinearity of the Amontons-Coulomb Rulep. 47
4.1.2 Dynamic Instabilities Associated with the Nonlinearityp. 48
4.1.3 Velocity-Dependence and Dynamic Frictionp. 49
4.1.4 Interdependence of the Load-, Size-, and Velocity-Dependence of the Coefficient of Frictionp. 50
4.1.5 Stick-Slip Motionp. 51
4.1.6 Self-Organized Criticalityp. 52
4.2 Nonlinearity and Hierarchyp. 53
4.3 Heterogeneity, Hierarchy and Energy Dissipationp. 55
4.3.1 Ideal vs. Real Contact Situationsp. 55
4.3.2 Measure of Inhomogeneity and Dissipation at Various Hierarchy Levelsp. 55
4.3.3 Order-Parameter and Mesoscopic Functionalp. 59
4.3.4 Kinetics of the Atomic-Scale Frictionp. 59
4.4 Mapping of Friction at Various Hierarchy Levelsp. 61
4.5 Summaryp. 62
Part II Solid-Liquid Friction and Superhydrophobicity
5 Solid-Liquid Interaction and Capillary Effectsp. 65
5.1 Three Phase States of Matterp. 65
5.2 Phase Equilibrium and Stabilityp. 67
5.3 Water Phase Diagram at the Nanoscalep. 69
5.4 Surface Free Energy and the Laplace Equationp. 72
5.5 Contact Angle and the Young Equationp. 73
5.6 Kelvin's Equationp. 76
5.7 Capillary Effects and Stability Issuesp. 77
5.8 Summaryp. 79
6 Roughness-Induced Superhydrophobicityp. 81
6.1 The Phenomenon of Superhydrophobicityp. 81
6.2 Contact Angle Analysisp. 85
6.3 Heterogeneous Surfaces and Wenzel and Cassie Equationsp. 86
6.3.1 Contact Angle with a Rough and Heterogeneous Surfacesp. 86
6.3.2 The Cassie-Baxter Equationp. 87
6.3.3 Limitations of the Wenzel and Cassie Equationsp. 90
6.3.4 Range of Applicability of the Wenzel and Cassie Equationsp. 92
6.4 Calculation of the Contact Angle for Selected Surfacesp. 96
6.4.1 Two-Dimensional Periodic Profilesp. 96
6.4.2 Three-Dimensional Surfacesp. 100
6.4.3 Surface Optimization for Maximum Contact Anglep. 105
6.5 Contact Angle Hysteresisp. 107
6.5.1 Origin of the Contact Angle Hysteresisp. 107
6.5.2 Pinning of the Triple Linep. 109
6.5.3 Contact Angle Hysteresis and the Adhesion Hysteresisp. 110
6.6 Summaryp. 112
7 Stability of the Composite Interface, Roughness and Meniscus Forcep. 115
7.1 Destabilization of the Composite Interfacep. 115
7.1.1 Destabilization Due to Capillary and Gravitational Wavesp. 116
7.1.2 Probabilistic Modelp. 121
7.1.3 Analysis of Rough Profilesp. 122
7.1.4 Effect of Droplet Weightp. 123
7.2 Contact Angle with Three-Dimensional Solid Harmonic Surfacep. 126
7.2.1 Three-Dimensional Harmonic Rough Surfacep. 126
7.2.2 Calculations of the Contact Areasp. 128
7.2.3 Metastable Statesp. 129
7.2.4 Overall Contact Anglep. 130
7.2.5 Discussion of Resultsp. 131
7.2.6 The Similarity of Bubbles and Dropletsp. 133
7.3 Capillary Adhesion Force Due to the Meniscusp. 134
7.3.1 Sphere in Contact with a Smooth Surfacep. 134
7.3.2 Multiple-Asperity Contactp. 136
7.4 Roughness Optimizationp. 137
7.5 Effect of the Hierarchical Roughnessp. 141
7.5.1 Hierarchical Roughnessp. 141
7.5.2 Stability of a Composite Interface and Hierarchical Roughnessp. 142
7.5.3 Hierarchical Roughnessp. 145
7.5.4 Results and Discussionp. 148
7.6 Summaryp. 151
8 Cassie-Wenzel Wetting Regime Transitionp. 153
8.1 The Cassie-Wenzel Transition and the Contact Angle Hysteresisp. 153
8.2 Experimental Study of the Cassie-Wenzel Transitionp. 157
8.3 Wetting as a Multiscale Phenomenonp. 163
8.4 Investigation of Wetting as a Phase Transitionp. 165
8.5 Reversible Superhydrophobicityp. 166
8.6 Summaryp. 166
9 Underwater Superhydrophobicity and Dynamic Effectsp. 169
9.1 Superhydrophobicity for the Liquid Flowp. 169
9.2 Nanobubbles and Hydrophobic Interactionp. 171
9.3 Bouncing Dropletsp. 172
9.4 A Droplet on a Hot Surface: the Leidenfrost Effectp. 175
9.5 A Droplet on an Inclined Surfacep. 176
9.6 Summaryp. 177
Part III Biological and Biomimetic Surfaces
10 Lotus-Effect and Water-Repellent Surfaces in Naturep. 181
10.1 Water-Repellent Plantsp. 181
10.2 Characterization of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Leaf Surfacesp. 184
10.2.1 Experimental Techniquesp. 184
10.2.2 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Leavesp. 185
10.2.3 Contact Angle Measurementsp. 186
10.2.4 Surface Characterization Using an Optical Profilerp. 187
10.2.5 Leaf Characterization with an AFMp. 190
10.2.6 Adhesion Force and Frictionp. 192
10.2.7 Role of the Hierarchyp. 196
10.3 Other Biological Superhydrophobic Surfacesp. 197
10.4 Summaryp. 197
11 Artificial (Biomimetic) Superhydrophobic Surfacesp. 199
11.1 How to Make a Superhydrophobic Surfacep. 201
11.1.1 Roughening to Create One-Level Structurep. 202
11.1.2 Coating to Create One-Level Hydrophobic Structuresp. 204
11.1.3 Methods to Create Two-Level (Hierarchical) Superhydrophobic Structuresp. 205
11.2 Experimental Techniquesp. 206
11.2.1 Contact Angle, Surface Roughness, and Adhesionp. 206
11.2.2 Measurement of Droplet Evaporationp. 207
11.2.3 Measurement of Contact Angle Using ESEMp. 207
11.3 Wetting of Micro- and Nanopatterned Surfacesp. 208
11.3.1 Micro- and Nanopatterned Polymersp. 208
11.3.2 Micropatterned Si Surfacesp. 211
11.4 Self-cleaningp. 227
11.5 Commercially Available Lotus-Effect Productsp. 228
11.6 Summaryp. 229
12 Gecko-Effect and Smart Adhesionp. 231
12.1 Geckop. 231
12.2 Hierarchical Structure of the Attachment Padsp. 233
12.3 Model of Hierarchical Attachment Padsp. 236
12.4 Biomimetic Fibrillar Structuresp. 237
12.5 Self-cleaningp. 239
12.6 Biomimetic Tape Made of Artificial Gecko Skinp. 240
12.7 Summaryp. 241
13 Other Biomimetic Surfacesp. 243
13.1 Hierarchical Organization in Biomaterialsp. 243
13.2 Moth-Eye-Effectp. 244
13.3 Shark Skinp. 246
13.4 Darkling Beetlep. 246
13.5 Water Striderp. 247
13.6 Spider Webp. 247
13.7 Other Biomimetic Examplesp. 248
13.8 Summaryp. 249
14 Outlookp. 251
Referencesp. 255
Indexp. 271