Fundamentals of momentum, heat and mass transfer

Provides a unified treatment of momentum transfer (fluid mechanics), heat transfer and mass transfer. The treatment of the three areas of transport phenomena is done sequentially. The subjects of momentum, heat, and mass transfer are introduced, in that order, and appropriate analysis tools are developed. Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved.

1. Concepts and Definitions	p. 1
1.1 Fluids and the Continuum	p. 1
1.2 Properties at a Point	p. 2
1.3 Point-to-Point Variation of Properties in a Fluid	p. 5
1.4 Units	p. 8
2. Fluid Statics	p. 12
2.1 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid	p. 12
2.2 Uniform Rectilinear Acceleration	p. 15
2.3 Forces on Submerged Surfaces	p. 16
2.4 Buoyancy	p. 19
2.5 Closure	p. 21
3. Description of a Fluid in Motion	p. 27
3.1 Fundamental Physical Laws	p. 27
3.2 Fluid Flow Fields: Lagrangian and Eulerian Representations	p. 27
3.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows	p. 28
3.4 Streamlines	p. 29
3.5 Systems and Control Volumes	p. 30
4. Conservation of Mass: Control-Volume Approach	p. 32
4.1 Integral Relation	p. 32
4.2 Specific Forms of the Integral Expression	p. 33
4.3 Closure	p. 37
5. Newton's Second Law of Motion: Control-Volume Approach	p. 44
5.1 Integral Relation for Linear Momentum	p. 44
5.2 Applications of the Integral Expression for Linear Momentum	p. 47
5.3 Integral Relation for Moment of Momentum	p. 53
5.4 Applications to Pumps and Turbines	p. 55
5.5 Closure	p. 59
6. Conservation of Energy: Control-Volume Approach	p. 68
6.1 Integral Relation for the Conservation of Energy	p. 68
6.2 Applications of the Integral Expression	p. 74
6.3 The Bernoulli Equation	p. 77
6.4 Closure	p. 81
7. Shear Stress in Laminar Flow	p. 89
7.1 Newton's Viscosity Relation	p. 89
7.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids	p. 90
7.3 Viscosity	p. 91
7.4 Shear Stress in Multidimensional Laminar Flows of a Newtonian Fluid	p. 96
7.5 Closure	p. 98
8. Analysis of a Differential Fluid Element in Laminar Flow	p. 101
8.1 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Circular Conduit of Constant Cross Section	p. 101
8.2 Laminar Flow of a Newtonian Fluid Down an Inclined-Plane Surface	p. 104
8.3 Closure	p. 106
9. Differential Equations of Fluid Flow	p. 109
9.1 The Differential Continuity Equation	p. 109
9.2 Navier-Stokes Equations	p. 112
9.3 Bernoulli's Equation	p. 120
9.4 Closure	p. 121
10. Inviscid Fluid Flow	p. 124
10.1 Fluid Rotation at a Point	p. 124
10.2 The Stream Function	p. 125
10.3 Inviscid, Irrotational Flow about an Infinite Cylinder	p. 127
10.4 Irrotational Flow, the Velocity Potential	p. 128
10.5 Total Heat in Irrotational Flow	p. 129
10.6 Utilization of Potential Flow	p. 130
10.7 Potential Flow Analysis--Simple Plane Flow Cases	p. 131
10.8 Potential Flow Analysis--Superposition	p. 132
10.9 Closure	p. 134
11. Dimensional Analysis	p. 137
11.1 Dimensions	p. 137
11.2 Geometric and Kinematic Similarity	p. 138
11.3 Dimensional Analysis of the Navier-Stokes Equation	p. 138
11.4 The Buckingham Method	p. 140
11.5 Model Theory	p. 142
11.6 Closure	p. 144
12. Viscous Flow	p. 149
12.1 Reynolds' Experiment	p. 149
12.2 Drag	p. 150
12.3 The Boundary-Layer Concept	p. 153
12.4 The Boundary-Layer Equations	p. 155
12.5 Blasius' Solution for the Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate	p. 156
12.6 Flow with a Pressure Gradient	p. 160
12.7 von Karman Momentum Integral Analysis	p. 162
12.8 Closure	p. 166
13. The Effect of Turbulence on Momentum Transfer	p. 170
13.1 Description of Turbulence	p. 170
13.2 Turbulent Shearing Stresses	p. 171
13.3 The Mixing-Length Hypothesis	p. 173
13.4 Velocity Distribution from the Mixing-Length Theory	p. 174
13.5 The Universal Velocity Distribution	p. 176
13.6 Further Empirical Relations for Turbulent Flow	p. 177
13.7 The Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate	p. 178
13.8 Factors Affecting the Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow	p. 180
13.9 Closure	p. 180
14. Flow in Closed Conduits	p. 183
14.1 Dimensional Analysis of Conduit Flow	p. 183
14.2 Friction Factors for Fully Developed Laminar, Turbulent, and Transition Flow in Circular Conduits	p. 185
14.3 Friction Factor and Head-Loss Determination for Pipe Flow	p. 188
14.4 Pipe-Flow Analysis	p. 191
14.5 Friction Factors for Flow in the Entrance to a Circular Conduit	p. 195
14.6 Closure	p. 198
15. Fundamentals of Heat Transfer	p. 201
15.1 Conduction	p. 201
15.2 Thermal Conductivity	p. 202
15.3 Convection	p. 208
15.4 Radiation	p. 209
15.5 Combined Mechanisms of Heat Transfer	p. 209
15.6 Closure	p. 214
16. Differential Equations of Heat Transfer	p. 219
16.1 The General Differential Equation for Energy Transfer	p. 219
16.2 Special Forms of the Differential Energy Equation	p. 222
16.3 Commonly Encountered Boundary Conditions	p. 223
16.4 Closure	p. 224
17. Steady-State Conduction	p. 226
17.1 One-Dimensional Conduction	p. 226
17.2 One-Dimensional Conduction with Internal Generation of Energy	p. 233
17.3 Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces	p. 236
17.4 Two- and Three-Dimensional Systems	p. 243
17.5 Closure	p. 255
18. Unsteady-State Conduction	p. 263
18.1 Analytical Solutions	p. 263
18.2 Temperature-Time Charts for Simple Geometric Shapes	p. 272
18.3 Numerical Methods for Transient Conduction Analysis	p. 275
18.4 An Integral Method for One-Dimensional Unsteady Conduction	p. 278
18.5 Closure	p. 283
19. Convective Heat Transfer	p. 288
19.1 Fundamental Considerations in Convective Heat Transfer	p. 288
19.2 Significant Parameters in Convective Heat Transfer	p. 289
19.3 Dimensional Analysis of Convective Energy Transfer	p. 290
19.4 Exact Analysis of the Laminar Boundary Layer	p. 293
19.5 Approximate Integral Analysis of the Thermal Boundary Layer	p. 297
19.6 Energy- and Momentum-Transfer Analogies	p. 299
19.7 Turbulent Flow Considerations	p. 301
19.8 Closure	p. 307
20. Convective Heat-Transfer Correlations	p. 312
20.1 Natural Convection	p. 312
20.2 Forced Convection for Internal Flow	p. 320
20.3 Forced Convection for External Flow	p. 326
20.4 Closure	p. 333
21. Boiling and Condensation	p. 340
21.1 Boiling	p. 340
21.2 Condensation	p. 345
21.3 Closure	p. 351
22. Heat-Transfer Equipment	p. 354
22.1 Types of Heat Exchangers	p. 354
22.2 Single-Pass Heat-Exchanger Analysis: The Log-Mean Temperature Difference	p. 357
22.3 Crossflow and Shell-and-Tube Heat-Exchanger Analysis	p. 361
22.4 The Number-of-Transfer-Units (NTU) Method of Heat-Exchanger Analysis and Design	p. 365
22.5 Additional Considerations in Heat-Exchanger Design	p. 373
22.6 Closure	p. 375
23. Radiation Heat Transfer	p. 379
23.1 Nature of Radiation	p. 379
23.2 Thermal Radiation	p. 380
23.3 The Intensity of Radiation	p. 382
23.4 Planck's Law of Radiation	p. 383
23.5 Stefan-Boltzmann Law	p. 388
23.6 Emissivity and Absorptivity of Solid Surfaces	p. 388
23.7 Radiant Heat Transfer Between Black Bodies	p. 394
23.8 Radiant Exchange in Black Enclosures	p. 400
23.9 Radiant Exchange in Reradiating Surfaces Present	p. 401
23.10 Radiant Heat Transfer Between Gray Surfaces	p. 402
23.11 Radiation from Gases	p. 410
23.12 The Radiation Heat-Transfer Coefficient	p. 414
23.13 Closure	p. 414
24. Fundamentals of Mass Transfer	p. 421
24.1 Molecular Mass Transfer	p. 421
24.2 The Diffusion Coefficient	p. 431
24.3 Convective Mass Transfer	p. 450
24.4 Closure	p. 451
25. Differential Equations of Mass Transfer	p. 457
25.1 The Differential Equation for Mass Transfer	p. 457
25.2 Special Forms of the Differential Mass-Transfer Equation	p. 460
25.3 Commonly Encountered Boundary Conditions	p. 462
25.4 Steps for Modeling Processes Involving Molecular Diffusion	p. 465
25.5 Closure	p. 472
26. Steady-State Molecular Diffusion	p. 479
26.1 One-Dimensional Mass Transfer Independent of Chemical Reaction	p. 479
26.2 One-Dimensional Systems Associated with Chemical Reaction	p. 491
26.3 Two- and Three-Dimensional Systems	p. 503
26.4 Simultaneous Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer	p. 506
26.5 Closure	p. 516
27. Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion	p. 527
27.1 Unsteady-State Diffusion and Fick's Second Law	p. 527
27.2 Transient Diffusion in a Semi-Infinite Medium	p. 529
27.3 Transient Diffusion in a Finite-Dimensional Medium Under Conditions of Negligible Surface Resistance	p. 531
27.4 Concentration-Time Charts for Simple Geometric Shapes	p. 541
27.5 Closure	p. 544
28. Convective Mass Transfer	p. 550
28.1 Fundamental Considerations in Convective Mass Transfer	p. 550
28.2 Significant Parameters in Convective Mass Transfer	p. 552
28.3 Dimensional Analysis of Convective Mass Transfer	p. 554
28.4 Exact Analysis of the Laminar Concentration Boundary Layer	p. 557
28.5 Approximate Analysis of the Concentration Boundary Layer	p. 564
28.6 Mass, Energy, and Momentum-Transfer Analogies	p. 567
28.7 Models for Convective Mass-Transfer Coefficients	p. 576
28.8 Closure	p. 579
29. Convective Mass Transfer Between Phases	p. 586
29.1 Equilibrium	p. 586
29.2 Two-Resistance Theory	p. 589
29.3 Closure	p. 599
30. Convective Mass-Transfer Correlations	p. 605
30.1 Mass Transfer to Plates, Spheres, and Cylinders	p. 605
30.2 Mass Transfer Involving Flow Through Pipes	p. 616
30.3 Mass Transfer in Wetted-Wall Columns	p. 617
30.4 Mass Transfer in Packed and Fluidized Beds	p. 621
30.5 Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer in Stirred Tanks	p. 622
30.6 Capacity Coefficients for Packed Towers	p. 624
30.7 Steps for Modeling Mass-Transfer Processes Involving Convection	p. 625
30.8 Closure	p. 633
31. Mass-Transfer Equipment	p. 645
31.1 Types of Mass-Transfer Equipment	p. 645
31.2 Gas-Liquid Mass-Transfer Operations in Well-Mixed Tanks	p. 648
31.3 Mass Balances for Continuous Contact Towers: Operating-Line Equations	p. 653
31.4 Enthalpy Balances for Continuous-Contact Towers	p. 663
31.5 Mass-Transfer Capacity Coefficients	p. 664
31.6 Continuous-Contact Equipment Analysis	p. 665
31.7 Closure	p. 680
Nomenclature	p. 687
Appendixes
A. Transformations of the Operators [down triangle, open] and [down triangle, open superscript 2] to Cylindrical Coordinates	p. 695
B. Summary of Differential Vector Operations in Various Coordinate Systems	p. 698
C. Symmetry of the Stress Tensor	p. 701
D. The Viscous Contribution to the Normal Stress	p. 702
E. The Navier-Stokes Equations for Constant [rho] and [mu] in Cartesian, Cylindrical, and Spherical Coordinates	p. 704
F. Charts for Solution of Unsteady Transport Problems	p. 706
G. Properties of the Standard Atmosphere	p. 719
H. Physical Properties of Solids	p. 722
I. Physical Properties of Gases and Liquids	p. 725
J. Mass-Transfer Diffusion Coefficients in Binary Systems	p. 738
K. Lennard-Jones Constants	p. 741
L. The Error Function	p. 744
M. Standard Pipe Sizes	p. 745
N. Standard Tubing Gages	p. 747
Author Index	p. 751
Subject Index	p. 753

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