Aerial mapping : methods and applications

Title:

Personal Author:

Falkner, Edgar

Edition:

2nd ed.

Publication Information:

Boca Raton, FL : CRC Pr., 2002

Physical Description:

192 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 25 cm.

ISBN:

9781566705578

Subject Term:

Photographic surveying

Added Author:

Morgan, Dennis

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010201302	TA593 .F25 2002	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Building on the foundation of the bestselling first edition, Aerial Mapping: Methods and Applications, Second Edition provides you with a practical understanding of aerial photography, remote sensing, and photogrammetric mapping. The content is deliberately semi-technical and processes are discussed in a manner easily accessible to anyone regardless of their technical or scientific background.

This new edition highlights the significant changes in equipment and techniques. High-speed computers, scanners, and remote sensors have changed the way mapping is done. The principles of photogrammetry, image analysis, and remote sensing have become dynamically intertwined. With the solid grounding in basic procedures that Aerial Mapping: Methods and Applications, Second Edition provides you can apply your knowledge to the special conditions of each aerial mapping project.

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1.1 History of Photomapping	p. 1
1.1.2 Photogrammetrists and Image Analysts	p. 2
1.1.3 Utilization of Aerial Photos	p. 2
1.1.4 Photogrammetry	p. 3
1.1.5 Mapper vs. User	p. 3
Chapter 2 Electromagnetic Energy
2.1 Radiant Energy	p. 5
2.1.1 Radiant Waves	p. 5
2.1.2 Distribution of Energy	p. 5
2.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum	p. 6
2.2.1 Visible Light	p. 7
2.2.2 Infrared	p. 8
Chapter 3 Aerial Films
3.1 Aerial Films	p. 9
3.1.1 Types of Film	p. 9
3.2 Sensitometry	p. 11
3.3 Filters	p. 11
3.4 Film Processing	p. 11
3.5 Resolution	p. 12
3.5.1 Spectral Resolution	p. 12
3.5.2 Spatial Resolution	p. 12
3.5.3 Radiometric Resolution	p. 12
3.6 Application of Aerial Films	p. 12
3.6.1 Panchromatic	p. 13
3.6.2 Infrared	p. 13
3.6.3 Natural Color	p. 13
3.6.4 Color Infrared	p. 13
Chapter 4 Airborne Sensor Platforms
4.1 Introduction	p. 15
4.2 Fixed-Wing Aircraft	p. 15
4.2.1 Single-Engine Platform	p. 15
4.2.2 Multi-Engine Platform	p. 16
4.3 Flight Crews	p. 16
4.4 Navigation	p. 18
4.5 Helicopter Platforms	p. 18
4.6 Aerial Cameras	p. 19
4.6.1 Camera Mount	p. 19
4.6.2 Analog Camera Components	p. 19
4.6.3 Camera System	p. 21
4.6.4 Focal Length	p. 21
4.6.5 Camera Calibration Report	p. 21
4.6.6 Digital Camera Components	p. 22
Chapter 5 Aerial Photographs
5.1 Nomenclature of an Aerial Photograph	p. 25
5.2 Uses of Aerial Photographs	p. 25
5.3 Time-Lapse Photography	p. 25
5.4 Sources of Aerial Photograps	p. 26
5.4.1 Private-Sector Mappers	p. 26
5.4.2 Federal	p. 27
5.4.3 States	p. 28
5.4.4 Counties and Municipalities	p. 28
Chapter 6 Geometry of Aerial Photographs
6.1 Scale Expressions	p. 29
6.1.1 Representative Fraction	p. 29
6.1.2 Engineers' Scale	p. 29
6.1.3 Scale Conversion	p. 29
6.2 Geometry of Photo Scale	p. 30
6.2.1 Derivation of Photo Scale	p. 30
6.2.2 Controlling Photo Scale	p. 31
6.2.3 Scale Formula	p. 31
6.2.4 Flight Height	p. 32
6.2.5 Relative Photo Scales	p. 32
6.3 Photo Overlap	p. 33
6.3.1 Endlap	p. 33
6.3.2 Sidelap	p. 35
6.4 Stereomodel	p. 36
6.5 Relief Displacement	p. 37
6.5.1 Causes of Displacement	p. 37
6.5.2 Effects of Displacement	p. 38
6.5.3 Distortion vs. Displacement	p. 40
6.6 Measuring Object Height	p. 41
Chapter 7 Map Compilation
7.1 History	p. 43
7.1.1 Stereoplotters	p. 43
7.1.2 Evolution of Stereoplotters	p. 45
7.1.3 Future Developments	p. 47
7.2 Data Format	p. 48
7.2.1 Raster Format	p. 48
7.2.2 Vector Format	p. 49
7.2.3 Attributes	p. 50
7.3 Digital Output	p. 50
Chapter 8 Map Accuracies
8.1 Quality Assurance/Quality Control	p. 51
8.1.1 Significance of Quality Assurance/Quality Control	p. 51
8.1.2 Funding vs. Quality	p. 51
8.2 Ramifications of Faulty Mapping	p. 52
8.2.1 Rework	p. 52
8.2.2 Abandoned Schedules	p. 52
8.2.3 Design Failures	p. 53
8.2.4 Legal Action	p. 53
8.3 Map Accuracy Standards	p. 53
8.3.1 Various Map Accuracy Standards	p. 53
8.3.2 National Map Accuracy Standards (1947)	p. 54
8.3.3 American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing	p. 54
8.3.4 Federal Geographic Data Committee	p. 57
8.4 Procedural Suggestions	p. 58
8.4.1 Cautions	p. 58
8.4.2 Options	p. 59
8.5 Merging Diverse Data	p. 59
8.6 Mapping System Errors	p. 60
8.6.1 Photography	p. 60
8.6.2 Stereocompilation	p. 60
Chapter 9 Photo Scale Selection
9.1 Contour Factor	p. 61
9.1.1 Application of the C-Factor	p. 61
9.1.2 Influences upon C-Factor	p. 61
9.2 Photo Scale/Map Scale/Contour Interval	p. 62
9.2.1 Planimetric Features	p. 63
9.2.2 Photo Scale/Map Scale	p. 63
9.2.3 Topographic Features	p. 64
9.2.4 Photo Scale Selection	p. 66
9.3 Planning an Aerial Photo Mission	p. 68
9.3.1 Laying Out Flight Lines	p. 69
9.3.2 Determining Number of Photos	p. 70
9.3.3 Calculating Flight Height	p. 70
Chapter 10 Geographic Referencing
10.1 Geographic Location Systems	p. 73
10.1.1 Land Subdivision	p. 73
10.1.2 Digital Mapping Data	p. 74
10.1.3 Coordinate Systems	p. 74
10.2 Ground Control Surveys	p. 77
10.2.1 Basic Surveying	p. 77
10.2.2 Electronic Surveying	p. 78
10.3 Ground Survey Toolbox	p. 78
10.3.1 Conventional Ground Survey	p. 79
10.4 Global Positioning	p. 79
10.4.1 Determining Spatial Coordinates	p. 79
10.4.2 Global Positioning System Procedures	p. 79
10.4.3 Airborne Global Positioning (ABGPS)	p. 81
10.5 Basic Control Networks	p. 83
10.5.1 Conventional Surveys	p. 83
10.5.2 Control Reference	p. 83
10.5.3 Traverse/Circuit Accuracy	p. 84
10.6 Photo Control Points	p. 85
10.6.1 Photo Image Points	p. 85
10.6.2 Ground Targets	p. 85
10.6.3 Size	p. 86
10.6.4 Control Point Selection	p. 87
Chapter 11 Aerotriangulation
11.1 Photo Control Bridging	p. 91
11.1.1 Control Point Selection	p. 91
11.1.2 Bridging Spans	p. 92
11.1.3 Skeletal Ground Control	p. 93
11.1.4 Photo Control Extension Procedure	p. 93
11.1.5 Accuracy of Aerotriangulation	p. 95
11.1.6 Accuracy Check	p. 96
11.1.7 Effects of Analytical Error	p. 96
11.1.8 Example of Field Control Point Scheme for Aerotriangulation	p. 97
Chapter 12 Photogrammetric Map Compilation
12.1 Digital Mapping Data	p. 99
12.2 Coordinate Systems and Data	p. 99
12.2.1 Coordinate Reference Systems	p. 99
12.2.2 Coordinate Systems	p. 100
12.2.3 Vertical Data	p. 101
12.3 Structure of Digital Data	p. 101
12.3.1 Digital Data Generation	p. 101
12.3.2 Automated Feature Collection Methods	p. 103
12.3.3 Data Collection	p. 103
12.4 Advancements in Map Compilation	p. 104
12.4.1 Elevation Data Collection Methods	p. 104
12.4.2 Planimetric Feature Collection Methods	p. 104
12.5 Data Standards	p. 106
12.6 Digital Mapping Data Flow	p. 106
12.6.1 Project Planning	p. 106
12.6.2 Ground Control Collection	p. 107
12.6.3 Imagery Collection	p. 107
12.6.4 Stereomodel Orientation	p. 108
12.6.5 Digital Data Stereocompilation	p. 108
12.6.6 Ancillary Data Collection	p. 111
12.6.7 U.S. Geological Survey Data	p. 111
Chapter 13 Information Systems
13.1 Information Systems	p. 113
13.1.1 Value of Geographic Information Systems	p. 113
13.1.2 Demands of a Geographic Information System	p. 113
13.2 Computer-Aided Mapping	p. 114
13.3 Themes	p. 114
13.4 Data Collection for Information Systems	p. 115
13.5 U.S. Geological Survey Information Sources	p. 115
13.5.1 Tutorial	p. 115
13.5.2 Geospatial Information	p. 115
13.5.3 Areas of Specialty	p. 116
Chapter 14 Orthophotography
14.1 General	p. 119
14.2 Orthophotos	p. 119
14.3 Digital Orthophoto Image Production	p. 120
14.3.1 General	p. 120
14.3.2 Design Parameters	p. 121
14.4 Orthophoto Cost	p. 125
Chapter 15 Remote Sensing
15.1 Remote Sensing	p. 127
15.2 Searching the Internet	p. 128
15.2.1 Tutorials	p. 128
15.2.2 Applications Dynamics	p. 128
15.3 Remote Sensing Systems	p. 129
15.3.1 Thematic Data Collection	p. 129
15.3.2 Scanners	p. 130
15.3.3 Types of Sensors	p. 130
15.4 Aerial Photo Image Scanning	p. 136
15.5 Satellite Imagery	p. 137
15.5.1 Data Format	p. 138
15.5.2 Spectral Bands	p. 138
15.5.3 Georeferencing Satellite Data	p. 138
15.5.4 Restrictions	p. 139
15.6 Satellite Systems	p. 139
15.6.1 LANDSAT	p. 139
15.6.2 SPOT	p. 141
15.7 Airborne Sensors	p. 151
15.7.1 Airborne Visible Infrared Image Spectrometer	p. 151
15.7.2 Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner	p. 151
15.7.3 Digital Multispectral Videography	p. 153
15.8 Sources of Satellite Imagery	p. 153
15.8.1 SPOT	p. 153
15.8.2 LANDSAT	p. 154
15.8.3 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency	p. 154
15.8.4 Space Imaging EOSAT	p. 154
Chapter 16 Image Analysis
16.1 Analysis Procedures	p. 155
16.1.1 Data Acquisition	p. 155
16.1.2 Rectify Data	p. 156
16.1.3 Thematic Map Generation	p. 156
16.1.4 Areal Mensuration	p. 157
16.1.5 Ground Truth Sampling	p. 157
16.1.6 Data Correlation	p. 157
16.1.7 Reporting	p. 157
16.2 Image Interpretation Keys	p. 157
16.2.1 Composition of Keys	p. 157
16.2.2 Types of Keys	p. 158
16.2.3 Interpretation Characteristics	p. 158
Chapter 17 Project Planning and Cost Estimating
17.1 Introduction	p. 161
17.2 Specifications	p. 161
17.2.1 Project Description and Boundary	p. 161
17.2.2 Define Products	p. 163
17.2.3 Standards and Accuracy Requirements	p. 163
17.3 Processes	p. 165
17.3.1 Aerial Photography	p. 165
17.3.2 Ground Survey Control	p. 166
17.3.3 Densification of Ground Control	p. 166
17.3.4 Elevation Model Collection	p. 166
17.3.5 Planimetric Data Collection	p. 166
17.4 Estimating Production Effort and Cost	p. 167
17.4.1 Estimating Factors	p. 167
17.4.2 Costing Aerial Photography	p. 168
17.4.3 Costing Photo Control Surveying	p. 169
17.4.4 Costing Aerotriangulation	p. 169
17.4.5 Costing Photogrammetric Compilation	p. 169
17.4.6 Costing Orthophoto Images	p. 170
17.4.7 Summary of Production Efforts	p. 170
Appendix A Example of a Typical Photogrammetric Mapping Project Cost Estimation
A.1 Specification	p. 173
A.2 Cost Estimation Process	p. 177
Suggested Reading	p. 183
Index	p. 185

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