Available:*
Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Searching... | 30000004809590 | TA1667 D47 2002 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
On Order
Summary
Summary
How is light amplified in the doped fiber? How much spontaneous emission noise is generated at the output? Do detectors with optical preamplifiers outperform avalanche photodiodes? What are the current types and architectures of amplifier-based systems?
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Principles and Applications
These are just a handful of the essential questions answered in Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers --the first book to integrate the most influential current papers on this breakthrough in fiber-optics technology. Written by one of the pioneers in the field, this unique reference provides researchers, engineers, and system designers with detailed, interdisciplinary coverage of the theoretical underpinnings, main characteristics, and primary applications of EDFAs. Packed with information on important system experiments and the best experimental results to date as well as over 1,400 references to the expanding literature, Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers illuminates such key areas as:
Modeling light amplification in Er-doped single-mode fibers Fundamentals of noise in optical fiber amplifiers Photodetection of optically amplified signals Spectroscopic properties of erbium glass fibers Gain, saturation, and noise characteristics of EDFAs Device and system applications of EDFAsIn so doing, the book sheds light on many new frontiers of knowledge, such as inhomogeneous modeling and nonlinear photon statistics, and demonstrates the many broadening benefits of EDFAs, including their polarization insensitivity, temperature stability, quantum-limited noise figure, and immunity to interchannel crosstalk. With the demand for transoceanic and terrestrial communications growing at a steady rate of 25% a year, the arrival of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers --destined to significantly expand the capabilities of today's hard-pressed lightwave technology-couldn't be more timely.
Author Notes
Emmanuel Desurvire has been involved in the field of optical fiber amplifiers for nearly twenty years For his contributions to the early investigation and development of EDFAs at AT&T Bell Laboratories, he received several national and international awards, including the 1994 prize from the International Commission for Optics and, jointly with Professor D. N. Payne, the 1998 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Engineering. He is currently Director of the Alcatel Technical Academy, a corporate program that aims to recognize experts and to foster synergies in research and development. Desurvire is also the author of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Principles and Applications. An IEEE Fellow, he has authored or coauthored more than 200 technical publications and 30 patents
Table of Contents
| List of Acronyms and Symbols | p. xv |
| A Fundamentals of Optical Amplification in Erbium-Doped Single-Mode Fibers | |
| 1 Modeling Light Amplification in Erbium-Doped Single-Mode Fibers | p. 3 |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| 1.1 Atomic Rate Equations for Three-level Laser Systems | p. 5 |
| 1.2 Atomic Rate Equations in Stark Split Laser Systems | p. 8 |
| 1.3 Gain Coefficient and Fiber Amplifier Gain | p. 10 |
| 1.4 Amplified Spontaneous Emission | p. 16 |
| 1.5 General Rate Equations for Pump, Signal, and ASE | p. 17 |
| 1.6 Numerical Resolution | p. 26 |
| 1.7 Rate Equations With Step Er-doping | p. 28 |
| 1.8 Rate Equations With Confined Er-doping | p. 33 |
| 1.9 Analytical Model for Unsaturated Gain Regime | p. 36 |
| 1.10 Analytical Models for Low Gain Regime | p. 40 |
| 1.11 Density Matrix Description | p. 46 |
| 1.12 Modeling Inhomogeneous Broadening | p. 59 |
| 2 Fundamentals of Noise in Optical Fiber Amplifiers | p. 65 |
| Introduction | p. 65 |
| 2.1 Minimum Amplifier Noise and Temperature | p. 68 |
| 2.2 Quantum Description of Noise | p. 72 |
| 2.3 Photon Statistics in Linear Gain Regime | p. 78 |
| 2.4 Optical Signal-to-noise Ratio and Noise Figure | p. 98 |
| 2.5 Lumped Amplifier Chains | p. 114 |
| 2.6 Distributed Amplifiers | p. 121 |
| 2.7 Photon Statistics of Optical Amplifier Chains | p. 136 |
| 2.8 Nonlinear Photon Statistics | p. 140 |
| 3 Photodetection of Optically Amplified Signals | p. 154 |
| Introduction | p. 154 |
| 3.1 Quantum Photodetection Statistics | p. 156 |
| 3.2 Semiclassical Description of Photodetection | p. 163 |
| 3.3 Enhancement of Signal-to-noise Ratio By Optical Preamplification | p. 167 |
| 3.4 Optical Preamplification Versus Avalanche Photodetection | p. 172 |
| 3.5 Bit-error Rate and Receiver Sensitivity in Digital Direct Detection | p. 174 |
| 3.6 Bit-error Rate and Receiver Sensitivity in Digital Coherent Detection | p. 186 |
| 3.7 Digital Photodetection With Optical Amplifier Chains | p. 191 |
| 3.8 Analog Signal Photodetection | p. 195 |
| B Characteristics of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers | |
| 4 Characteristics of Erbium-Doped Fibers | p. 207 |
| Introduction | p. 207 |
| 4.1 Characteristics of Laser Glass | p. 208 |
| 4.2 Fabrication of RE-doped Fibers | p. 212 |
| 4.3 Energy Levels of Er[superscript 3+]:glass and Relaxation Processes | p. 215 |
| 4.4 Laser Line Broadening | p. 225 |
| 4.5 Determination of Transition Cross Sections | p. 244 |
| 4.6 Characterization of Er-doped Fiber Parameters | p. 270 |
| 4.7 Pump and Signal Excited State Absorption | p. 277 |
| 4.8 Energy Transfer and Cooperative Upconversion | p. 282 |
| 4.9 Refractive Index Changes and Resonant Dispersion | p. 295 |
| 4.10 Effect of Pump and Signal Polarization | p. 303 |
| 5 Gain, Saturation and Noise Characteristics of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers | p. 306 |
| Introduction | p. 306 |
| 5.1 Characteristics of Pump Laser Diodes and EDFA-related Optical Components | p. 309 |
| 5.2 Gain Versus Pump Power | p. 319 |
| 5.3 Gain Versus Signal Power and Amplifier Saturation | p. 337 |
| 5.4 ASE Noise and Noise Figure | p. 354 |
| 5.5 Amplifier Self-saturation | p. 373 |
| 5.6 Optimization of Fiber Amplifier Parameters | p. 382 |
| 5.7 Amplifier Phase Noise | p. 399 |
| 5.8 Effects of Reflections and Rayleigh Backscattering | p. 404 |
| 5.9 Transient Gain Dynamics | p. 410 |
| 5.10 Picosecond and Femtosecond Pulse Amplification | p. 420 |
| 5.11 Soliton Pulse Amplification | p. 422 |
| 5.12 Other Types of Fiber Amplifiers | p. 440 |
| C Device and System Applications of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers | |
| 6 Device Applications of EDFAs | p. 455 |
| Introduction | p. 455 |
| 6.1 Distributed and Remotely Pumped Fiber Amplifiers | p. 456 |
| 6.2 Reflective and Bidirectional Fiber Amplifiers | p. 461 |
| 6.3 Automatic Gain and Power Control | p. 469 |
| 6.4 Spectral Gain Equalization and Flattening | p. 480 |
| 6.5 Optically Controlled Gates and Switches | p. 487 |
| 6.6 Recirculating Delay Lines | p. 499 |
| 6.7 Fiber Lasers | p. 511 |
| 7 System Applications of EDFAs | p. 524 |
| Introduction | p. 524 |
| 7.1 EDFA Preamplifiers | p. 527 |
| 7.2 Digital Linear Systems | p. 534 |
| 7.3 Soliton Systems | p. 559 |
| 7.4 Analog Systems | p. 568 |
| 7.5 Local Area Networks | p. 574 |
| Appendices | |
| A Rate Equations for Stark Split Three-Level Laser Systems | p. 585 |
| B Comparison of LP[subscript 01] Bessel Solution and Gaussian Approximation for the Fundamental Fiber Mode Envelope | p. 587 |
| C Example of Program Organization and Subroutines for Numerical Integration of General Rate Equations (1.68) | p. 591 |
| D Emission and Absorption Coefficients for Three-Level Laser Systems with Gaussian Mode Envelope Approximation | p. 596 |
| E Analytical Solutions for Pump and Signal + ASE in the Unsaturated Gain Regime, for Unidirectional and Bidirectional Pumping | p. 600 |
| F Density Matrix Description of Stark Split Three-Level Laser Systems | p. 607 |
| G Resolution of the Amplifier PGF Differential Equation in the Linear Gain Regime | p. 614 |
| H Calculation of the Output Noise and Variance of Lumped Amplifier Chains | p. 622 |
| I Derivation of a General Formula for the Optical Noise Figure of Amplifier Chains | p. 624 |
| J Derivation of the Nonlinear Photon Statistics Master Equation and Moment Equations for Two- or Three-Level Laser Systems | p. 627 |
| K Semiclassical Determination of Noise Power Spectral Density in Amplified Light Photodetection | p. 631 |
| L Derivation of the Absorption and Emission Cross Sections Through Einstein's A and B Coefficients | p. 634 |
| M Calculation of Homogeneous Absorption and Emission Cross Sections by Deconvolution of Experimental Cross Sections | p. 638 |
| N Rate Equations for Three-Level Systems with Pump Excited State Absorption | p. 640 |
| O Determination of Explicit Analytical Solution for a Low Gain, Unidirectionally Pumped EDFA with Single-Signal Saturation | p. 644 |
| P Determination of EDFA Excess Noise Factor in the Signal-Induced Saturation Regime | p. 646 |
| Q Average Power Analysis for Self-Saturated EDFAs | p. 648 |
| R A Computer Program for the Description of Amplifier Self-Saturation Through the Equivalent Input Noise Model | p. 651 |
| S Finite Difference Resolution Method for Transient Gain Dynamics in EDFAs | p. 655 |
| T Analytical Solutions for Transient Gain Dynamics in EDFAs | p. 658 |
| U Derivation of the Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation | p. 664 |
| References | p. 668 |
| Index | p. 749 |
