Transportation engineering & planning

Title:

Personal Author:

Papacostas, C. S.

Edition:

3rd ed.

Publication Information:

Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall, 2001

Physical Description:

xviii, 685 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9788120321540

9780130814197

Subject Term:

Transportation engineering

Added Author:

Prevedouros, P. D. (Panos D.), 1961-

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010202654	TA1145 P36 2001	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This detailed, interdisciplinary introduction to transportation engineering is ideal as both a comprehensive tutorial and reference. Begins with the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering mechanics, and gradually introduces new concepts concerning societal context, geometric design, human factors, traffic engineering, and simulation, transportation planning, evaluation. For prospective and practicing transportation engineers.

Preface
1 Introduction and Background	p. 1
1.1 The Transportation System	p. 1
1.1.1 Definition and Scope	p. 1
1.1.2 Fixed Facilities	p. 1
1.1.3 Flow Entities and Technology	p. 2
1.1.4 Control System	p. 2
1.1.5 Transportation Demand	p. 2
1.1.6 Quantification versus Valuation	p. 3
1.2 Transportation System Classification	p. 4
1.2.1 Classification Schemes	p. 4
1.2.2 Private and Public Transportation	p. 5
1.3 The Role of Government	p. 5
1.3.1 Governmental Participation	p. 5
1.3.2 Instruments of Governmental Involvement	p. 6
1.3.3 Arguments for and against Governmental Intervention	p. 6
1.4 Tools and Applications	p. 8
1.4.1 Background	p. 8
1.4.2 Mathematical Models	p. 8
1.4.3 Components of Mathematical Models	p. 10
1.4.4 Transportation Models	p. 11
1.5 Summary	p. 12
References	p. 12
Part 1 Design and Operation	p. 13
2 Roadway Design	p. 13
2.1 Introduction	p. 14
2.2 Equations of Motion	p. 14
2.2.1 Rectilinear Motion	p. 14
2.2.2 Braking Distance	p. 19
2.2.3 Curvilinear Motion	p. 22
2.2.4 Relative Motion	p. 26
2.3 Human Factors	p. 29
2.3.1 Perception-Reaction	p. 29
2.3.2 Dilemma Zones	p. 32
2.3.3 Visual Acuity	p. 39
2.3.4 Lateral Displacement	p. 41
2.4 Geometric Design of Highways	p. 43
2.4.1 Background	p. 43
2.4.2 Functional Classification of Highways	p. 43
2.4.3 Cross-Section Design	p. 45
2.4.4 Horizontal Alignment	p. 46
2.4.5 Determination of Design Radius	p. 50
2.4.6 Superelevation Design	p. 51
2.4.7 Vertical Alignment	p. 54
2.4.8 Stopping and Passing Sight Distance	p. 58
2.4.9 Geometrics of Sight Distance	p. 60
2.4.10 Discussion of Alignment Design	p. 62
2.4.11 Delineation of Vehicular Paths	p. 65
2.4.12 Design Vehicles	p. 65
2.4.13 Channelization of At-Grade Intersections	p. 67
2.4.14 Modern Roundabouts	p. 75
2.4.15 Traffic-Calming Devices	p. 78
2.5 Pavement Structures	p. 82
2.5.1 Background	p. 82
2.5.2 Pavement Materials and Types	p. 83
2.5.3 Pavement Structure	p. 85
2.5.4 Pavement Design	p. 88
2.5.5 Design Methods	p. 89
2.5.6 Life-Cycle Economic Analysis	p. 89
2.5.7 Pavement Management Systems	p. 90
2.5.8 High Performance Concrete, Superpave, and LTPP	p. 91
2.6 Summary	p. 93
Exercises	p. 94
References	p. 97
3 Traffic Stream Flow Models	p. 100
3.1 Introduction	p. 100
3.2 Vehicular Stream Models	p. 100
3.2.1 Vehicular Following	p. 100
3.2.2 Safety Considerations	p. 102
3.3 Stream Variables	p. 104
3.3.1 Spacing and Concentration	p. 104
3.3.2 Headway and Flow	p. 104
3.3.3 Average or Mean Speed	p. 104
3.3.4 Time-Distance Diagrams of Flow	p. 106
3.4 Vehicular Stream Equations and Diagrams	p. 109
3.4.1 The Fundamental Equation of a Vehicular Stream	p. 109
3.4.2 The Case of Uniform Flow	p. 109
3.4.3 The Case of Highway Traffic Flow	p. 114
3.5 Stream Measurements: The Moving-Observer Method	p. 117
3.5.1 Background	p. 117
3.5.2 The Moving-Observer Method	p. 118
3.6 Shock Waves in Traffic	p. 123
3.6.1 Background	p. 123
3.6.2 The Shock Wave Equation	p. 125
3.7 Summary	p. 129
Exercises	p. 129
References	p. 131
4 Capacity and Level of Service Analysis	p. 133
4.1 Introduction	p. 133
4.2 Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities	p. 134
4.2.1 Background	p. 134
4.2.2 Pedestrian-Flow Models	p. 134
4.2.3 Pedestrian Level of Service	p. 136
4.2.4 Bicycle Level of Service	p. 136
4.3 Transit Systems: Uninterrupted Flow	p. 138
4.3.1 Background	p. 138
4.3.2 Uninterrupted Speed-Flow Relationships	p. 139
4.3.3 Fleet Size	p. 141
4.3.4 Transit Network Fleet Size	p. 142
4.4 Transit Systems: Interrupted Flow	p. 144
4.4.1 Background	p. 144
4.4.2 Transit Stations	p. 145
4.4.3 Single-Platform Capacity	p. 145
4.4.4 Other Designs	p. 147
4.5 Highways: Uninterrupted Flow	p. 147
4.5.1 Background	p. 147
4.5.2 Level of Service	p. 148
4.5.3 Freeway-Base Conditions	p. 150
4.5.4 Freeway Capacity and Level of Service	p. 152
4.5.5 Freeway Congestion Quantification	p. 155
4.5.6 Capacity Restrictions	p. 156
4.6 Highways: Interrupted Flow	p. 157
4.6.1 Background	p. 157
4.6.2 Types of Signals	p. 157
4.6.3 Signal Detectors and Controllers	p. 158
4.6.4 Signal Timings	p. 167
4.6.5 Time-Distance Diagram of Interrupted Flow	p. 175
4.6.6 Pretimed Signal Coordination	p. 176
4.6.7 Actuated Signal Coordination	p. 179
4.7 Capacity of Signalized Intersections	p. 179
4.7.1 Background	p. 179
4.7.2 Capacity and Performance Analysis	p. 180
4.7.3 Planning Analysis	p. 188
4.7.4 Case Studies	p. 189
4.7.4.1 Simple Signalized Intersection	p. 190
4.7.4.2 Complex Signalized Intersection	p. 193
4.7.4.3 Planning a Signalized Intersection	p. 197
4.7.5 Arterial Street LOS and Congestion Quantification	p. 200
4.8 Traffic Data Collection Methods	p. 203
4.9 Capacity Analysis of Unsignalized Intersections	p. 207
4.9.1 Background	p. 207
4.9.2 Two-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections	p. 208
4.9.3 All-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections	p. 212
4.9.4 Roundabouts	p. 216
4.9.5 Signalization Warrants	p. 218
4.10 Summary	p. 219
Exercises	p. 220
References	p. 229
Part 2 Transportation Systems	p. 231
5 Transportation Modes	p. 232
5.1 Introduction	p. 232
5.2 Modes	p. 233
5.2.1 Motor Carriers	p. 235
5.2.2 Railroads	p. 237
5.2.3 Pipelines	p. 239
5.2.4 Water Transportation	p. 240
5.2.5 Air Carriers	p. 243
5.2.6 Express Package Carriers	p. 247
5.3 Intercity Passenger Travel	p. 249
5.3.1 Major Modes	p. 249
5.3.2 Choice of Mode	p. 250
5.3.3 Emerging Intercity Modes	p. 253
5.4 Summary and Comparisons among Modes and Countries	p. 255
Exercises	p. 257
References	p. 261
6 Urban and Intelligent Transportation Systems	p. 263
6.1 Introduction	p. 263
6.2 Development of Cities and Transportation Modes	p. 263
6.3 Urban Transportation Modes	p. 268
6.3.1 Roadway Modes	p. 268
6.3.2 Fixed Guideway Modes	p. 269
6.3.3 Demand-Responsive, Dual Mode, and Other Modes	p. 271
6.4 Urban Transportation Issues	p. 272
6.4.1 General	p. 272
6.4.2 Traffic Congestion	p. 273
6.4.2.1 Supply Strategies	p. 277
6.4.2.2 Demand Strategies	p. 279
6.5 Intelligent Transportation Systems	p. 281
6.5.1 User Services	p. 283
6.5.2 Architecture Components and Standards	p. 288
6.5.3 ITS in Europe and Japan	p. 292
6.5.4 Mature ITS Applications	p. 295
6.5.4.1 Detectors	p. 295
6.5.4.2 Traffic Signal Systems	p. 298
6.5.4.3 Freeway Management	p. 301
6.5.4.4 Electronic Road Pricing and Automatic Vehicle Classification	p. 307
6.5.5 Safety and Liability	p. 310
6.6 Summary	p. 311
Exercises	p. 312
References	p. 314
7 Transportation Planning	p. 318
7.1 Introduction	p. 318
7.2 Historical Development in the United States	p. 320
7.2.1 Colonial Era	p. 320
7.2.2 Turnpikes and Canals	p. 320
7.2.3 Railroads	p. 321
7.2.4 Rural Highways	p. 323
7.2.5 Urban and Regional Transportation Planning	p. 325
7.3 Development of a Formal Planning Process	p. 327
7.3.1 Housing Policies	p. 327
7.3.2 The 3C Process	p. 328
7.3.3 Social Concerns	p. 329
7.3.4 National Environmental Legislation	p. 330
7.3.5 Toward Planning Coordination	p. 331
7.3.6 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991	p. 333
7.3.7 Transportation Equity Act for the Twenty-First Century	p. 334
7.4 Planning Studies and Methods	p. 335
7.4.1 Background	p. 335
7.4.2 Antecedents to Planning Studies	p. 335
7.4.3 Planning for Future Needs	p. 336
7.4.4 Large-Scale Urban Travel Surveys	p. 336
7.4.5 Travel-Demand Forecasts	p. 336
7.5 Other Planning Issues	p. 339
7.5.1 Background	p. 339
7.5.2 Transportation and Land Use	p. 339
7.5.3 Operational Land-Use Models	p. 341
7.5.4 Project, System, and Operational Planning	p. 343
7.5.5 Planning at the Statewide Level	p. 344
7.6 Summary	p. 344
Exercises	p. 345
References	p. 346
8 Travel-Demand Forecasting	p. 348
8.1 Introduction	p. 348
8.2 Trip Generation	p. 350
8.2.1 Background	p. 350
8.2.2 Trip Purpose	p. 351
8.2.3 Zone-based versus Household-Based Models	p. 351
8.2.4 Productions and Attractions	p. 353
8.2.5 Regression Models	p. 354
8.2.6 Trip-Rate Analysis	p. 355
8.2.7 Cross-Classification Models	p. 356
8.2.8 The FHWA-Simplified Trip-Production Procedure	p. 358
8.2.9 Summary	p. 361
8.3 Trip Distribution	p. 361
8.3.1 Background	p. 361
8.3.2 The Gravity Model	p. 362
8.3.3 Calibration of the Gravity Model	p. 369
8.3.4 Limitations of the Gravity Model	p. 376
8.3.5 The Fratar Model	p. 377
8.3.6 Limitations of the Fratar Model	p. 380
8.3.7 Summary	p. 381
8.4 Mode Choice	p. 381
8.4.1 Background	p. 381
8.4.2 Utility and Disutility Functions	p. 382
8.4.3 The Multinomial Logit (MNL) Model	p. 385
8.4.4 The Incremental (or Pivot-Point) Logit Model	p. 388
8.4.5 Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) Property	p. 389
8.4.6 The Nested Logit Model	p. 390
8.4.7 Estimation of Logit Models	p. 398
8.4.8 Summary	p. 399
8.5 Trip Assignment	p. 400
8.5.1 Background	p. 400
8.5.2 Person-Trips and Vehicle-Trips	p. 401
8.5.3 Diurnal (Time-of-Day) Patterns of Demand	p. 401
8.5.4 Trip Direction	p. 402
8.5.5 Historical Context	p. 402
8.5.6 Highway Network Description	p. 404
8.5.7 Link Flows and Interzonal Flows	p. 408
8.5.8 Route Choice Behavior	p. 409
8.5.9 Minimum Path Algorithms	p. 409
8.5.10 A Minimum Tree-Seeking Procedure	p. 410
8.5.11 Free/All-or-Nothing Traffic Assignment	p. 414
8.5.12 Free/Multipath Traffic Assignment	p. 414
8.5.13 Capacity-Restrained Traffic Assignment	p. 416
8.5.14 Transit Assignment	p. 420
8.5.15 Summary	p. 421
8.6 Transport Behavior of Individuals and Households	p. 422
8.6.1 Background	p. 422
8.6.2 Conceptual Models	p. 422
8.6.3 Demand Models with Behavioral Content	p. 425
8.6.4 Trip-, Journey-, and Tour-Based Models	p. 431
8.7 Other Demand-Forecasting Models	p. 433
8.7.1 Background	p. 433
8.7.2 Demand-Model Consistency	p. 433
8.7.3 Simultaneous or Direct Demand Formulations	p. 433
8.7.4 Combined Modeling Strategies	p. 435
8.7.5 Models of Demand Elasticity	p. 436
8.8 Summary	p. 441
Exercises	p. 442
References	p. 450
Part 3 Transportation Impacts	p. 455
9 Traffic Impact and Parking Studies	p. 456
9.1 Introduction	p. 456
9.2 Traffic Impact Studies	p. 456
9.2.1 Background	p. 456
9.2.2 Basic Characteristics	p. 457
9.2.3 Overview of Steps	p. 458
9.2.4 Major Components of Traffic Impact Studies	p. 459
9.2.5 Site and Network Improvement Alternatives	p. 468
9.2.6 Comprehensive Example	p. 469
9.3 Parking Studies	p. 479
9.3.1 Background	p. 479
9.3.2 Types of Parking	p. 480
9.3.3 Types of Parking Studies	p. 481
9.3.4 Parking Measurements and Analysis	p. 486
9.3.5 Design, Operation, and Other Considerations	p. 489
9.4 Summary	p. 491
Exercises	p. 492
References	p. 497
10 Air Quality, Noise, and Energy Impacts	p. 498
10.1 Introduction	p. 498
10.2 Air Pollution	p. 499
10.2.1 Background	p. 499
10.2.2 Problem Dimensions	p. 500
10.2.3 Emission Levels	p. 501
10.2.4 Air Pollution Dispersion	p. 504
10.2.5 The Box Model	p. 504
10.3 Noise Generation	p. 506
10.3.1 Background	p. 506
10.3.2 Noise Measurement	p. 507
10.3.3 Noise Propagation and Mitigation Strategies	p. 509
10.3.4 Noise Measures	p. 509
10.3.5 Mathematical Models of Transportation Noise	p. 512
10.4 Energy Consumption	p. 515
10.4.1 Background	p. 515
10.4.2 National Response to the Energy Embargo	p. 516
10.4.3 Transportation-User Reactions	p. 516
10.4.4 Energy-Related Transportation Actions	p. 517
10.4.5 Vehicle-Propulsion Energy	p. 518
10.4.6 Indirect Energy Consumption	p. 523
10.5 Summary	p. 523
Exercises	p. 524
References	p. 527
11 Evaluation and Choice	p. 529
11.1 Introduction	p. 529
11.2 Feasibility and Impact Enumeration	p. 530
11.2.1 Measures of Feasibility	p. 530
11.2.2 Impact Trade-Offs	p. 531
11.2.3 Generalized Impact Matrices	p. 531
11.3 Engineering Economic Analysis	p. 532
11.3.1 Background	p. 532
11.3.2 Project Evaluation	p. 532
11.3.3 Independent and Mutually Exclusive Alternatives	p. 538
11.3.4 Evaluation of Mutually Exclusive Alternatives	p. 540
11.3.5 Identification and Valuation of Benefits and Costs	p. 541
11.3.6 Limitations of Economic Evaluation	p. 542
11.4 Effectiveness Analysis	p. 543
11.4.1 Background	p. 543
11.4.2 Cost-Effectiveness	p. 543
11.4.3 Rank-Ordering Techniques	p. 545
11.4.4 Scoring Techniques	p. 550
11.4.5 Group Consensus	p. 553
11.5 Summary	p. 553
Exercises	p. 554
References	p. 555
Part 4 Supporting Elements	p. 557
12 Elements of Engineering Economy	p. 558
12.1 Money and Its Time Value	p. 558
12.2 Interest and Discount	p. 559
12.3 Simple and Compound Interest	p. 560
12.4 Nominal and Effective Interest Rates	p. 562
12.5 Discrete and Continuous Compounding	p. 562
12.6 Cash Flows	p. 563
12.7 Equal Series of Payments	p. 565
12.8 Superposition of Cash Flows	p. 567
Exercises	p. 569
13 Probability and Statistics	p. 571
13.1 Introduction	p. 571
13.2 Elements of Probability Theory	p. 572
13.2.1 Background	p. 572
13.2.2 Definition of Probability	p. 572
13.2.3 Conditional Probability and Independence	p. 574
13.2.4 Discrete Distributions	p. 575
13.2.5 Some Common Discrete Distributions	p. 578
13.2.6 Continuous Random Variables	p. 583
13.2.7 Some Common Continuous Distributions	p. 584
13.3 Experimental Data and Model Parameters	p. 588
13.4 Linear and Nonlinear Regression	p. 589
13.4.1 Simple Linear Regression	p. 589
13.4.2 Correlation	p. 594
13.4.3 Multiple Linear Regression	p. 596
13.4.4 Direct Nonlinear Regression	p. 596
13.4.5 Linear Regression with Transformed Variables	p. 598
13.4.6 Selection of Explanatory Variables	p. 599
13.5 Hypothesis Testing and Model Evaluation	p. 601
13.5.1 Single-Parameter Test	p. 602
13.5.2 Test of a Linear Model	p. 603
13.5.3 Test of Equality of Segmented Linear Models	p. 604
13.5.4 Comprehensive Judgment of a Linear Model	p. 605
13.6 Summary	p. 607
Exercises	p. 607
References	p. 610
14 Queuing and Simulation	p. 611
14.1 Introduction	p. 611
14.2 Queuing Models	p. 612
14.2.1 Background	p. 612
14.2.2 Single-Server FIFO Systems	p. 613
14.2.3 Multiserver FIFO Systems	p. 614
14.3 Computer Simulation	p. 616
14.3.1 Background	p. 616
14.3.2 Monte Carlo Simulation	p. 616
14.3.3 Simulation of the Outcomes of a Continuous Random Variable	p. 619
14.3.4 Generation of Random Numbers	p. 620
14.3.5 The Simulation Model	p. 621
14.4 Summary	p. 624
Exercises	p. 624
References	p. 625
15 Transportation Software	p. 626
15.1 Introduction	p. 626
15.2 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)	p. 627
15.2.1 GIS Fundamentals	p. 627
15.2.2 GIS Products	p. 630
15.2.3 GIS and GPS	p. 631
15.3 Traffic Simulation Software	p. 632
15.3.1 Traffic Simulation Model Characteristics	p. 632
15.3.2 Classification	p. 632
15.3.3 Traffic Simulation Models	p. 634
15.3.3.1 Urban Street Networks	p. 634
15.3.3.2 Freeways and Freeway Corridors	p. 640
15.3.3.3 Mixed Network	p. 642
15.3.4 Model Selection, Output Variability, and Other Limitations	p. 644
15.4 Capacity Software: HCS, SIDRA, and Others	p. 646
15.5 Planning Software: EMME/2, QRS II, TRANPLAN, MINUTP, TP+, TRANSCAD, TRANSIMS	p. 646
References	p. 560
Appendix A 1982 Guidelines for the Preparation of Environmental Documents	p. 653
Index	p. 679

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