Embedded C programming and the atmel AVR

Enter the world of embedded programming and microcontroller applications! One of the only books available today that uses the increasingly popular and cost-effective Atmel AVR embedded controller as the platform and application for learning, Embedded C Programming and the Atmel AVR is the perfect choice for novices. Featuring a host of fully-functional example applications, this highly innovative book enables users to adopt a "learn by doing" approach as they develop the knowledge and skills needed to achieve proficiency. Following an introduction to Atmel AVR RISC processors, readers are launched immediately into an embedded C language tutorial. Here, they'll experiment with variables and constants, operators and expressions, control statements, pointers and arrays, memory types, preprocessor directives, real-time methods, and more! In addition to a comprehensive library functions reference, an entire chapter on the CodeVision AVR C Compiler provides clear, step-by-step instruction in IDE installation and operation, mixing Assembler with C, and using the Code Wizard Code Generator. Use of peripherals - such as keypads, LCD displays, and other common embedded microcontroller-related devices - is also explored fully in this all-inclusive, state-of-the-art programmer's how-to and reference manual.

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction	p. xxi
Chapter 1 Embedded C Language Tutorial
1.1 Objectives	p. 1
1.2 Introduction	p. 1
1.3 Beginning Concepts	p. 2
1.4 Variables and Constants	p. 4
1.4.1 Variable Types	p. 4
1.4.2 Variable Scope	p. 5
Local Variables	p. 5
Global Variables	p. 5
1.4.3 Constants	p. 6
Numeric Constants	p. 7
Character Constants	p. 7
1.4.4 Enumerations and Definitions	p. 7
1.4.5 Storage Classes	p. 9
Automatic	p. 9
Static	p. 9
Register	p. 9
1.4.6 Type Casting	p. 9
1.5 I/O Operations	p. 11
1.6 Operators and Expressions	p. 12
1.6.1 Assignment and Arithmetic Operators	p. 12
Bitwise Operators	p. 13
1.6.2 Logical and Relational Operators	p. 15
Logical Operators	p. 15
Relational Operators	p. 15
1.6.3 Increment, Decrement, and Compound Assignment	p. 16
Increment Operators	p. 16
Decrement Operators	p. 17
Compound Assignment Operators	p. 17
1.6.4 The Conditional Expression	p. 17
1.6.5 Operator Precedence	p. 18
1.7 Control statements	p. 19
1.7.1 While Loop	p. 19
1.7.2 Do/While Loop	p. 21
1.7.3 For Loop	p. 22
1.7.4 If/Else	p. 23
If Statement	p. 23
If/Else Statement	p. 24
Conditional Expression	p. 26
1.7.5 Switch/Case	p. 26
1.7.6 Break, Continue, and Goto	p. 28
Break	p. 28
Continue	p. 29
Goto	p. 29
1.8 Functions	p. 33
1.8.1 Prototyping and Function Organization	p. 34
1.8.2 Functions that Return Values	p. 36
1.8.3 Recursion	p. 37
1.9 Pointers and Arrays	p. 41
1.9.1 Pointers	p. 42
1.9.2 Arrays	p. 46
1.9.3 Multidimensional Arrays	p. 48
1.9.4 Pointers to Functions	p. 50
1.10 Structures and Unions	p. 55
1.10.1 Structures	p. 55
1.10.2 Arrays of Structures	p. 57
1.10.3 Pointers to Structures	p. 58
1.10.4 Unions	p. 59
1.10.5 Typedef Operator	p. 61
1.10.6 Bits and Bitfields	p. 62
1.10.7 Sizeof Operator	p. 63
1.11 Memory Types	p. 64
1.11.1 Constants and Variables	p. 64
1.11.2 Pointers	p. 66
1.11.3 Register Variables	p. 66
sfrb and sfrw	p. 67
1.12 Real-Time Methods	p. 70
1.12.1 Using Interrupts	p. 70
1.12.2 State Machines	p. 73
1.13 Chapter Summary	p. 79
1.14 Exercises	p. 79012
Chapter 2 The Atmel Risc Processors
2.1 Objectives	p. 83
2.2 Introduction	p. 83
2.3 Architectural Overview	p. 84
2.4 Memory	p. 85
2.4.1 Flash Code Memory	p. 85
2.4.2 Data Memory	p. 85
Registers	p. 86
I/O Registers	p. 86
Sram	p. 88
2.4.3 Eepfrom Memory	p. 90
2.5 Reset and Interrupt Functions	p. 92
2.5.1 Interrupts	p. 93
2.5.2 Reset	p. 97
Watchdog Timer and Reset	p. 98
2.6 Parallel I/O Ports	p. 100
2.7 Timer/Counters	p. 104
2.7.1 Timer/Counter Prescalers and Input Selectors	p. 105
2.7.2 Timer 0	p. 105
2.7.3 Timer 1	p. 109
Timer 1 Prescaler and Selector	p. 110
Timer 1 Input Capture Mode	p. 110
Timer 1 Output Compare Mode	p. 114
Timer 1 Pulse Width Modulator Mode	p. 118
2.7.4 Timer 2	p. 123
Chapter 2 Example Project: Part C	p. 125
One-second recording interval using Timer 0	p. 125
Engine rpm measurement using Timer 1	p. 126
Drive shaft rpm measurement using Timer 1	p. 127
2.8 Serial Communication Using the UART	p. 128
2.9 Analog Interfaces	p. 136
2.9.1 Analog to Digital Background	p. 137
2.9.2 Analog-to-Digital Converter Peripheral	p. 138
2.9.3 Analog Comparator Peripheral	p. 142
Measuring engine temperature using the analog-to-digitalconverter (ADC)	p. 144
Sending collected data to the PC	p. 145
2.10 Serial Communication Using the SPI	p. 146
2.11 The AVR Risc Assembly Languageinstruction Set	p. 150
2.12 Chapter Summary	p. 154
2.13 Exercises	p. 158
2.14 Laboratory Activities	p. 159
Chapter 3 Standard I/O and Preprocessor Functions
3.1 Objectives	p. 161
3.2 Introduction	p. 161
3.3 Character Input/Output Functions--Getchar() and Putchar()	p. 162
3.4 Standard Output Functions	p. 168
3.4.1 Put String--puts()	p. 168
3.4.2 Put String FLASH--putsf()	p. 169
3.4.3 Print Formatted--printf()	p. 169
3.4.4 String Print Formatted--sprintf()	p. 172
3.5 Standard Input Functions	p. 173
3.5.1 Get String--gets()	p. 173
3.5.2 Scan Formatted--scanf()	p. 174
3.5.3 Scan String Formatted--sscanf()	p. 176
3.6 Preprocessor Directives	p. 177
3.6.1 The #include Directive	p. 177
3.6.2 The #define Directive	p. 178
3.6.3 The #ifdef, #ifndef, #else and #endif Directives	p. 180
3.6.4 The #pragma Directive	p. 181
#pragma warn	p. 181
#pragma opt	p. 186
#pragma optsize	p. 186
#pragma savereg	p. 187
#pragma regalloc	p. 188
#pragma promotechar	p. 188
#pragma uchar	p. 189
#pragma library	p. 189
3.6.5 Other Macros and Directives	p. 189
3.7 Chapter Summary	p. 190
3.8 Exercises	p. 191
3.9 Laboratory Activities	p. 191
Chapter 4 The CodeVisionAVR c Compiler and Ide
4.1 Objectives	p. 193
4.2 Introduction	p. 193
4.3 Ide Operation	p. 194
4.3.1 Projects	p. 194
Open Existing Projects	p. 194
Create New Projects	p. 195
Configure Projects	p. 196
Close Project	p. 197
4.3.2 Source Files	p. 197
Open an Existing Source File	p. 197
Create a New Source File	p. 197
Add an Existing File to the Project	p. 197
4.3.3 Edit Files	p. 199
4.3.4 Print Files	p. 202
4.3.5 The File Navigator	p. 202
4.4 C Compiler Options	p. 204
4.4.1 UART	p. 206
4.4.2 Memory Model	p. 206
4.4.3 Optimize For	p. 206
4.4.4 Program Type	p. 206
4.4.5 SRAM	p. 207
4.4.6 Compilation	p. 207
4.5 Compile and Make Projects	p. 208
4.5.1 Compile a Project	p. 208
4.5.2 Make a Project	p. 209
4.6 Program the Target Device	p. 211
4.6.1 Chip	p. 211
4.6.2 Flash and EEPROM	p. 211
4.6.3 Flash Lock Bits	p. 214
4.6.4 Fuse Bits	p. 214
4.6.5 Boot Lock Bit 0 and Boot Lock Bit 1	p. 214
4.6.6 Signature	p. 214
4.6.7 Chip Erase	p. 215
4.6.8 Programming Speed	p. 215
4.6.9 Program All	p. 215
4.6.10 Other Programmers	p. 215
4.7 CodeWizardAVR Code Generator	p. 218
4.7.1 Chip Tab	p. 219
4.7.2 Ports Tab	p. 220
4.7.3 External IRQ Tab	p. 221
4.7.4 Timers Tab	p. 222
4.7.5 UART Tab	p. 223
4.7.6 ADC Tab	p. 225
4.7.7 Project Information Tab	p. 225
4.7.8 Generate Source Code	p. 227
4.8 Terminal Tool	p. 239
4.9 The Atmel AVR Studio Debugger	p. 240
4.9.1 Create a COFF File for AVR Studio	p. 241
4.9.2 Launch AVR Studio from CodeVisionAVR	p. 241
4.9.3 Open a File for Debug	p. 241
4.9.4 Start, Break, and Step	p. 242
4.9.5 Set and Clear Breakpoints	p. 242
4.9.6 View and Modify Registers and Variables	p. 242
4.9.7 View and Modify the Machine State	p. 243
4.10 Chapter Summary	p. 244
4.11 Exercises	p. 245
4.12 Laboratory Activities	p. 246
Chapter 5 Project Development
5.1 Objectives	p. 247
5.2 Introduction	p. 247
5.3 Concept Development Phase	p. 247
5.4 Project Development Process Steps	p. 247
5.4.1 Definition Phase	p. 248
5.4.2 Design Phase	p. 249
5.4.3 Test Definition Phase	p. 252
5.4.4 Build and Test the Prototype Hardware Phase	p. 252
5.4.5 System Integration and Software Development Phase	p. 253
5.4.6 System Test Phase	p. 253
5.4.7 Celebration Phase	p. 253
5.5 Project Development Process Summary	p. 253
5.6 Example Project: A Weather Monitor	p. 254
5.6.1 Concept Phase	p. 254
5.6.2 Definition Phase	p. 255
Electrical Specification	p. 256
Operational Specification	p. 257
Basic Block Diagrams	p. 258
5.6.3 Measurement Considerations for the Design	p. 260
Temperature	p. 260
Barometric Pressure	p. 263
Humidity	p. 264
Wind Speed	p. 264
Wind Direction	p. 267
Rainfall	p. 268
Dew Point Computation	p. 272
Wind Chill Computation	p. 273
Battery Health	p. 273
Real Time	p. 274
5.6.4 Hardware Design, Outdoor Unit	p. 275
Wind Speed Input	p. 275
Rain Gauge Input	p. 275
900 MHz Transmitter	p. 277
Power Supply	p. 277
5.6.5 Software Design, Outdoor Unit	p. 277
5.6.6 Hardware Design, Indoor Unit	p. 278
900 MHz Receiver	p. 278
Power Supply	p. 281
5.6.7 Software Design, Indoor Unit	p. 281
5.6.8 Test Definition Phase	p. 283
Wind Direction	p. 284
Wind Speed	p. 284
Rain Gauge	p. 284
Air Temperature	p. 284
Barometric Pressure	p. 284
Relative Humidity	p. 285
System Test for Complete Project	p. 285
5.6.9 Build and Test Prototype Hardware Phase	p. 285
Outdoor Unit Checkout	p. 286
Indoor Unit Checkout	p. 287
5.6.10 System Integration and Software Development Phase, Outdoor Unit	p. 292
Temperature, Humidity, Wind Direction, and Battery Health	p. 293
Rainfall	p. 293
Wind Speed	p. 296
RF Telemetry	p. 297
5.6.11 System Integration and Software Development Phase, Indoor Unit	p. 302
Keeping Time	p. 302
Low Battery Indication	p. 305
The Buttons and the Beeper	p. 306
Decoding the RF Telemetry	p. 308
Collecting and Protecting Rainfall Data	p. 312
Converting from Counts to Real Units	p. 315
Routines for Controlling the LCD	p. 319
Keeping the Display Up to Date	p. 323
Editing the Time and Date	p. 327
5.6.12 System Test Phase	p. 331
5.7 Challenges	p. 335
5.8 Chapter Summary	p. 336
5.9 Exercises	p. 336
5.10 Laboratory Activity	p. 337
Appendix A Library Functions Reference	p. 339
Appendix B Getting Started with CodeVisionAVR and the STK500	p. 427
Appendix C Programming the AVR Microcontrollers	p. 445
Appendix D Installing and using ThecableAVR	p. 449
Appendix E The MegaAVR-DEV Development Board	p. 461
Appendix F ASCII Character Table	p. 469
Appendix G AVR Instruction Set Summary	p. 475
Appendix H Answers to Selected Exercises	p. 477
Index	p. 483

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