The citizens at risk : from urban sanitation to sustainable cities

Local environments such as cities and neighbourhoods are becoming a focal point for those concerned with environmental justice and sustainability. The Citizens at Risk takes up this emerging agenda and analyses the key issues in a refreshingly simple yet sophisticated style.Taking a comparative look at cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America, the book examines: the changing nature of urban environmental risks, the rules governing the distribution of such risks and their differential impact, how the risks arise and who is responsibleThe authors clearly describe the most pressing urban environmental challenges, such as improving health conditions in deprived urban settlements, ensuring sustainable urban development in a globalizing world, and achieving environmental justice along with the greening of development. They argue that current debates on sustainable development fail to come to terms with these challenges, and call for a more politically and ethically explicit approach.For policy makers, students, academics, activists or concerned general readers, this book applies a wealth of empirical analysis and theoretical insight to the interaction of citizens, their cities and their environment.

Author Notes

Gordon McGranahan is a senior researcher at the International Institute for Environment and Development in London.Pedro Jacobi is Associate Professor in the Economics of Education Department at the University of Sao Paulo.Jacob Songsore is Professor of Geography at the University of Ghana-Legon.Charles Surjadi is Professor of Public Health at Atma Jaya University in Indonesia.Marianne Kjellen is a researcher at the Stockholm Environment Institute.

List of Tables, Figures and Boxes	p. vii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations	p. ix
About the Authors	p. xi
Acknowledgements	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
1 Introduction	p. 1
The Greening of the Concept of Development	p. 2
The Emergence of Two Urban Environmental Agendas	p. 4
The Relevance of Globalization	p. 6
The City, Sustainable Development and Globalization	p. 7
The Structure and Arguments of this Book	p. 11
2 Urban Affluence and Shifting Environmental Burdens	p. 14
Stylized Outlines of an Urban Environmental Transition	p. 16
Qualifying the Urban Environmental 'Transition'	p. 36
Conclusions	p. 41
3 Urban Water: From Health to Sustainability	p. 44
Water and Urban Health	p. 45
Water and Urban Sustainability	p. 57
Conclusions	p. 65
4 Shifting Environmental Challenges in Accra, Jakarta and Sao Paulo	p. 67
Methods	p. 68
The Three Cities in Context	p. 70
Shifting Scales of Environmental Problems	p. 73
Conclusions	p. 83
5 Organizing Environmental Improvements in Deprived Neighbourhoods: Plans, Markets, Local Collective Action and Beyond	p. 84
The Planning Model	p. 87
The Market Model	p. 95
The Local Collective Action Model	p. 102
Hybrid Models	p. 111
6 Techniques for Assessing Local Environmental Problems in Deprived Neighbourhoods	p. 115
Broad-spectrum Household Surveys	p. 117
Participatory Rapid Appraisal	p. 119
Contingent Valuation of Environmental 'Goods'	p. 121
Comparing and Contrasting Different Methods	p. 123
Lessons for Practitioners	p. 127
7 Gender and Local Environmental Management in Accra	p. 130
Gender and Age Divisions of Labour in Household Environmental Care: A Qualitative Account	p. 134
Gender, Class and the Hazards of Managing the Local Environment: A Quantitative Analysis	p. 139
Conclusions	p. 153
8 Urban Environmental Justice in a Changing World	p. 157
Eliminating Poverty and Achieving Sustainability: The End of a Honeymoon	p. 160
Revisiting the 'Brown' and the 'Green' Urban Agendas and Striving for Environmental Justice	p. 170
References	p. 177
Index	p. 195

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Table of Contents