Microwave transmission networks : planning, design and development

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Title:

Personal Author:

Lehpamer, Harvey

Publication Information:

New York : McGraw-Hill, 2004

ISBN:

9780071432498

Subject Term:

Microwave communication systems

Data transmission systems

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A reference on microwave transmission network engineering and management. It helps project managers, engineers, and planners to understand, design, and build microwave point-to-point networks - long- or short-haul, North American or ITU standards and expedite the analysis and the design process using internationally accepted models.

Author Notes

Harvey Lehpamer received his M.Sc. in radio communications and professional electronics and electrical engineering degree from The School of Electrical Engineering , Zagreb, Croatia.

Lehpamer is a Staff Engineer at Ericsson Wireless Communications, Inc. in San Diego, CA.

050

Introduction	p. xi
Chapter 1 Transmission Network Fundamentals	p. 1
1.1 Transmission Network Media	p. 1
1.1.1 Wireline Systems	p. 2
1.1.2 Wireless Systems	p. 3
1.1.3 Alternatives	p. 4
1.2 Basic Terminology	p. 6
1.2.1 E1 and T1	p. 6
1.2.2 PDH, SDH, and SONET	p. 8
1.2.3 ATM	p. 12
1.3 Transmission Network Topology	p. 13
1.4 Transmission Network Performance	p. 15
1.5 Network Synchronization	p. 17
1.6 Network Delays	p. 19
1.7 References	p. 20
Chapter 2 Basics of Microwave Communications	p. 21
2.1 Radio Frequency Spectrum	p. 21
2.2 Structure and Characteristics of the Earth's Atmosphere	p. 22
2.3 Radio Propagation	p. 23
2.3.1 Microwave and Millimeter Waves	p. 23
2.3.2 Line-of-Sight Considerations	p. 24
2.3.3 Earth Radius and k-Factor	p. 26
2.3.4 Standard Propagation Mechanisms	p. 29
2.3.5 Anomalous Propagation Mechanisms	p. 30
2.3.6 About Propagation Conditions	p. 32
2.4 Digital Microwave Point-to-Point Systems	p. 33
2.4.1 Microwave Radio Basics	p. 33
2.4.2 Fresnel Zones and Clearance Rules	p. 36
2.4.3 Near and Far Fields	p. 38
2.4.4 Link Budget	p. 39
2.4.5 Microwave Systems for Rapid Deployment	p. 41
2.4.6 Over-the-Horizon Microwave Systems	p. 46
2.5 Other Microwave Systems	p. 47
2.5.1 Point-to-Multipoint Systems	p. 47
2.5.2 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)	p. 49
2.5.3 Bluetooth	p. 51
2.6 References	p. 52
Chapter 3 Microwave Link Design	p. 53
3.1 Design Process Flowchart	p. 53
3.2 The Loss/Attenuation Calculations	p. 53
3.2.1 Propagation Losses	p. 54
3.2.2 Ground Reflection	p. 57
3.3 Fading and Fade Margins	p. 59
3.3.1 Multipath Fading	p. 59
3.3.2 Rain Fading	p. 65
3.3.3 Refraction-Diffraction Fading	p. 67
3.3.4 Interference Fade Margins	p. 67
3.3.5 Composite Fade Margin	p. 69
3.4 Microwave Link Multipath Outage Models	p. 69
3.4.1 Vigants North American Multipath Outage Model	p. 70
3.4.2 ITU-R Multipath Outage Model	p. 71
3.5 Quality and Availability Calculations	p. 73
3.5.1 G.821 and G.826	p. 74
3.5.2 Quality and Unavailability Objectives	p. 76
3.6 Rain Attenuation Calculations	p. 77
3.6.1 Crane model	p. 79
3.6.2 ITU-R Model	p. 80
3.6.3 Comparison of ITU and Crane Models	p. 81
3.6.4 Reducing the Effects of Rain	p. 83
3.7 Improving the Microwave System	p. 84
3.7.1 Hardware Redundancy	p. 84
3.7.2 Diversity Improvement	p. 85
3.7.3 Antireflective Systems	p. 91
3.7.4 Repeaters	p. 92
3.8 References	p. 95
Chapter 4 Planning the Microwave Network	p. 97
4.1 The Microwave Network Planning Process	p. 97
4.2 Microwave Systems in Wireless Networks	p. 99
4.2.1 Backhaul in Wireless Networks	p. 99
4.2.2 Wireless Network Design for Coverage and Capacity	p. 100
4.2.3 New Generation of Wireless Networks	p. 101
4.2.4 Replacing Leased Lines with the Microwave System	p. 104
4.3 Microwave Systems in Utility Telecom Networks	p. 108
4.3.1 SCADA	p. 108
4.3.2 Electric Transmission Towers in Telecom Networks	p. 109
4.4 Topology and Capacity Planning	p. 109
4.4.1 Transmission Network Capacity Requirements	p. 109
4.4.2 Chain and Tandem Topology	p. 110
4.4.3 Simple Star Network	p. 110
4.4.4 Network with Hubs	p. 112
4.4.5 Ring Topology	p. 112
4.4.6 Mesh Topology	p. 113
4.4.7 Transmission Network Optimization	p. 114
4.5 References	p. 114
Chapter 5 Microwave Network Design	p. 117
5.1 Introduction	p. 117
5.2 Spectrum Management	p. 117
5.2.1 Availability of Spectrum	p. 117
5.2.2 Intersystem and Intrasystem Frequency Coordination	p. 119
5.2.3 Spectrum Sweep	p. 119
5.3 Interference Effects and Frequency Sharing	p. 120
5.3.1 Interference Paths	p. 120
5.3.2 Collocation of Radio Stations	p. 122
5.3.3 Minimizing Near and Far Interference	p. 123
5.3.4 Frequency Planning	p. 125
5.4 Microwave Design Tools	p. 131
5.5 Microwave Systems Engineering	p. 132
5.5.1 System Documentation	p. 132
5.5.2 Equipment Availability Calculations	p. 133
5.6 Tips, Hints, and Suggestions	p. 134
5.6.1 Basic Recommendations	p. 134
5.6.2 Difficult Areas for Microwave Links	p. 136
5.7 References	p. 137
Chapter 6 Microwave Deployment	p. 139
6.1 Introduction	p. 139
6.2 Digital Microwave Radio	p. 140
6.2.1 Microwave Radio Configurations	p. 140
6.2.2 Basic Microwave Radio Parameters	p. 140
6.2.3 Radio Performance Improvement	p. 143
6.2.4 T/I Curves	p. 150
6.2.5 Service Telephone Network	p. 150
6.2.6 Duplexers	p. 151
6.2.7 Environmental Requirements	p. 153
6.2.8 Network Management System	p. 153
6.2.9 Microwave Compatibility and Safety	p. 155
6.2.10 Microwave Radio Installation	p. 156
6.3 Digital Multiplexers	p. 157
6.4 Cabling and Signal Termination	p. 159
6.4.1 Metallic Cables and Ground Potential Rise	p. 160
6.4.2 Fiber-Optic Cables	p. 160
6.4.3 Digital Signal Cross-Connects	p. 161
6.5 Microwave Antennas, Radomes, and Transmission Lines	p. 162
6.5.1 Basic Antenna Parameters	p. 163
6.5.2 Microwave Antenna Selection	p. 166
6.5.3 Microwave Antenna Installation	p. 168
6.5.4 Transmission Line Installation	p. 171
6.5.5 Installation Safety and Security Issues	p. 172
6.5.6 Return Loss Measurements	p. 173
6.6 GIS Data	p. 174
6.6.1 Datums and Geometric Earth Models	p. 174
6.6.2 Coordinate Systems	p. 176
6.6.3 The Global Positioning Systems	p. 177
6.6.4 DEM Data	p. 177
6.6.5 Magnetic and True North	p. 178
6.7 Field Surveys	p. 181
6.7.1 Site Surveys	p. 181
6.7.2 Path Surveys	p. 182
6.8 Housing the Equipment	p. 183
6.8.1 Shelters	p. 183
6.8.2 Cabinets	p. 184
6.8.3 Equipment Room	p. 185
6.9 Microwave Antenna Mounting Structures	p. 186
6.9.1 Monopoles, Self-Support Towers, and Guyed Towers	p. 187
6.9.2 Minimum Visual Impact and Other Antenna Mounting Structures	p. 190
6.9.3 Maximum Allowed Antenna Deflection	p. 192
6.9.4 Communication Tower Requirements	p. 192
6.10 Power Supply and Battery Backup	p. 199
6.10.1 DC Power	p. 199
6.10.2 Batteries	p. 200
6.10.3 AC Power	p. 201
6.10.4 Solar Energy	p. 201
6.11 Grounding, Lightning, and Surge Protection	p. 202
6.11.1 Grounding	p. 202
6.11.2 Surge Suppressors	p. 204
6.12 Microwave Testing and Troubleshooting	p. 205
6.12.1 Factory Acceptance Testing	p. 205
6.12.2 Field Acceptance Testing	p. 206
6.12.3 Bit Error Rate Testing (BERT)	p. 208
6.12.4 Troubleshooting Microwave System	p. 209
6.13 References	p. 210
Chapter 7 Project Management	p. 211
7.1 Tracking Microwave Rollout	p. 211
7.1.1 Project Management Activities	p. 211
7.1.2 Project Kick-Off Meeting	p. 213
7.1.3 Network Planning	p. 214
7.1.4 Project Approval	p. 215
7.1.5 Site Acquisition	p. 216
7.1.6 Detailed Network Design	p. 217
7.1.7 Equipment and Services Procurement	p. 218
7.1.8 Site Ready for Installation	p. 221
7.1.9 Equipment Installation	p. 222
7.1.10 Acceptance Testing	p. 223
7.1.11 As-Built Documentation	p. 223
7.1.12 Commissioning	p. 224
7.1.13 Maintenance Program	p. 225
7.2 Regulatory Issues	p. 225
7.2.1 FAA and FCC	p. 225
7.2.2 FCC Frequency Coordination Process	p. 227
7.2.3 Homologation	p. 229
7.2.4 Other Regulatory Issues	p. 230
7.3 Logistical and Organizational Challenges	p. 231
7.3.1 Project Controls and Reporting	p. 231
7.3.2 Outsourcing Services	p. 233
7.3.3 Time and Resource Management	p. 235
7.3.4 Project Management Tools	p. 237
7.4 Ethical Issues	p. 238
7.4.1 Code of Ethics	p. 238
7.4.2 Practical Examples of Ethnical Dilemmas	p. 239
7.5 References	p. 240
Appendix A American Cable Stranding	p. 243
Appendix B Quick RF Reference Sheet	p. 245
Appendix C Units of Conversion	p. 247
Glossary	p. 249
Index	p. 265

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Summary

Summary

Author Notes

Table of Contents