Electrical insulation for rotating machines : design, evaluation, aging, testing, and repair

Title:

Series:

IEEE Press series on power engineering

Publication Information:

Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley-Interscience, 2004

ISBN:

9780471445067

Subject Term:

Electric insulators and insulation

Electric machinery -- Windings

Electric motors

Added Author:

Stone, Greg C.

Available:*

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Summary

A single comprehensive resource for the design, application, testing, and maintenance of rotating machines

Filling a long-standing gap in the field, Electrical Insulation for Rotating Machines covers, in one useful volume, all aspects of the design, deterioration, testing, and repair of the electrical insulation used in motors and generators. Lucidly written by leading experts, this authoritative reference provides both historical background important to understanding machine insulation design and the most up-to-date information on new machines and how to select insulation systems for them.

Coverage includes such key topics as:

Types of rotating machines, windings, and rotor and stator winding construction Evaluating insulation materials and systems Stator winding and rotor winding insulation systems in current use Failure mechanisms and repair Testing and monitoring Maintenance strategies Detailing over 30 different rotor and stator winding failure processes and reviewing almost 25 different tests and monitors used to assess winding insulation condition, Electrical Insulation for Rotating Machines will help machine users avoid unnecessary machine failures, reduce maintenance costs, and inspire greater confidence in the design of future machines.

Author Notes

GREG C. STONE, PhD, is a dielectrics engineer who is active in writing IEEE and IEC machine insulation standards, and who worked for the Research Division of Ontario Hydro testing its hundreds of motor and generator windings. He presently works for Iris Power Engineering.

EDWARD A. BOULTER, Lt. Commander (Ret.), USN Reserves, is now a consulting engineer. Previously he spent nearly 40 years working as project/senior engineer and technical team leader designing machine insulation systems at General Electric.

IAN CULBERT was a motor designer first for Parsons Peebles and then Reliance Electric. Prior to joining Iris Power Engineering, he worked for Ontario Power Generation as a motor specialist.

HUSSEIN DHIRANI is a senior generator design engineer at Ontario Power Generation.

Preface	p. xvii
1 Rotating Machine Insulation Systems	p. 1
1.1 Types of Rotating Machines	p. 1
1.1.1 AC Motors	p. 2
1.1.2 Synchronous Generators	p. 4
1.1.3 Classification by Cooling	p. 6
1.2 Purpose of Windings	p. 7
1.2.1 Stator Winding	p. 7
1.2.2 Insulated Rotor Windings	p. 9
1.2.3 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Rotor Windings	p. 9
1.3 Types of Stator Winding Construction	p. 9
1.3.1 Random-Wound Stators	p. 10
1.3.2 Form-Wound Stators--Coil Type	p. 10
1.3.3 Form-Wound Stators--Roebel Bar Type	p. 12
1.4 Stator Winding Insulation System Features	p. 12
1.4.1 Strand Insulation	p. 12
1.4.2 Turn Insulation	p. 17
1.4.3 Groundwall Insulation	p. 18
1.4.4 Groundwall partial Discharge Suppression	p. 20
1.4.5 Groundwall Stress Relief Coatings	p. 24
1.4.6 Mechanical Support in the Slot	p. 27
1.4.7 Mechanical Support in the End-Winding	p. 29
1.4.8 Transposition Insulation	p. 31
1.5 Rotor Winding Insulation System Components	p. 34
1.5.1 Salient Pole Rotor	p. 35
1.5.2 Round Rotors	p. 36
1.5.3 Induction Motor Wound Rotors	p. 38
References	p. 40
2 Evaluating Insulation Materials and Systems	p. 43
2.1 Aging Stresses	p. 44
2.1.1 Thermal Stress	p. 45
2.1.2 Electric Stress	p. 46
2.1.3 Ambient Stress (Factors)	p. 47
2.1.4 Mechanical Stress	p. 48
2.1.5 Multiple Stresses	p. 49
2.2 Principles of Accelerated Aging Tests	p. 49
2.2.1 Candidate and Reference Materials/Systems	p. 50
2.2.2 Statistical Variation	p. 50
2.2.3 Failure Indicators	p. 55
2.3 Thermal Endurance Tests	p. 56
2.3.1 Basic Principles	p. 56
2.3.2 Thermal Identification and Classification	p. 57
2.3.3 Insulating Material Thermal Aging Tests	p. 58
2.3.4 Insulation Systems Thermal Aging Tests	p. 58
2.3.5 Future Trends	p. 60
2.4 Electrical Endurance Tests	p. 60
2.4.1 Proprietary Tests for Form-Wound Coils	p. 61
2.4.2 Standardized Test Methods for Form-Wound Coils	p. 62
2.5 Thermal Cycling Tests	p. 63
2.5.1 IEEE Thermal Cycling Test	p. 63
2.5.2 IEC Thermal Cycling Test	p. 64
2.6 Multifactor Stress Testing	p. 65
2.7 Nuclear Environmental Qualification Tests	p. 65
2.7.1 Environmental Qualification (EQ) by Testing	p. 66
2.7.2 Environmental Qualification by Analysis	p. 66
2.7.3 Environmental Qualification by a Combination of Testing and Analysis	p. 67
2.8 Material Property Tests	p. 67
References	p. 69
3 Historical Development of Insulation Materials and Systems	p. 73
3.1 Natural Materials	p. 74
3.2 Early Synthetics	p. 76
3.3 Plastic Films and Nonwovens	p. 78
3.4 Liquid Synthetic Resins	p. 79
3.4.1 Polyesters	p. 79
3.4.2 Epoxides (Epoxy Resins)	p. 81
3.5 Mica	p. 83
3.5.1 Mica Splittings	p. 83
3.5.2 Mica Paper	p. 84
3.6 Glass Fibers	p. 86
3.7 Laminates	p. 87
3.8 Evolution of Wire and Strand Insulation	p. 88
3.9 Manufacture of Random-Wound Stator Coils	p. 89
3.10 Manufacture of Form-Wound Coils and Bars	p. 89
3.10.1 Early Systems	p. 89
3.10.2 Asphaltic Mica Systems	p. 90
3.10.3 Individual Coil and Bar Thermoset Systems	p. 90
3.10.4 Global VPI Systems	p. 91
3.11 Wire Transposition Insulation	p. 92
3.12 Insulating Liners, Separators and Sleeving	p. 93
3.12.1 Random-Wound Stators	p. 93
3.12.2 Rotors	p. 93
References	p. 94
4 Stator Winding Insulation Systems in Current Use	p. 95
4.1 Methods of Applying Form-Wound Stator Coil Insulation	p. 97
4.2 Description of Major Trademarked Form-Wound Stator Insulation Systems	p. 99
4.2.1 Westinghouse Electric Co.: Thermalastic	p. 99
4.2.2 General Electric Co.: Micapals I and II Epoxy Mica Mat, Micapal HT, and Hydromat	p. 100
4.2.3 Alsthom, GEC Alsthom, Alstom Power: Isotenax, Resitherm, Resiflex, Resivac and Duritenax	p. 101
4.2.4 Siemens AG, KWU: Micalastic	p. 102
4.2.5 ABB Industrie AG: Micadur, Micadur Compact, Micapact, Micarex	p. 102
4.2.6 Toshiba Corporation: Tosrich, Tostight I	p. 103
4.2.7 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation	p. 104
4.2.8 Hitachi Ltd.: HiResin, Hi-Mold, Super Hi-Resin	p. 104
4.2.9 Summary of Present-Day Insulation Systems	p. 104
4.3 Recent Developments for Form-Wound Insulation Systems	p. 105
4.4 Random-Wound Stator Insulation Systems	p. 107
4.4.1 Magnet Wire Insulation	p. 107
4.4.2 Phase and Ground Insulation	p. 108
4.4.3 Varnish Treatment and Impregnation	p. 108
4.5 Revolutionary Stator Winding Insulation Systems	p. 108
4.5.1 Superconducting Windings	p. 108
4.5.2 PowerFormer	p. 109
References	p. 110
5 Rotor Winding Insulation Systems	p. 113
5.1 Rotor Slot and Turn Insulation	p. 114
5.2 Collector Insulation	p. 115
5.3 End-Winding Insulation and Blocking	p. 116
5.4 Retaining Ring Insulation	p. 116
5.5 Direct-Cooled Rotor Insulation	p. 117
6 Core Laminations and Their Insulation	p. 119
6.1 Electromagnetic Materials	p. 119
6.1.1 Magnetic Fields	p. 119
6.1.2 Ferromagnetism	p. 119
6.1.3 Magnetization Saturation Curve	p. 120
6.1.4 Ferromagnetic Materials	p. 120
6.1.5 Permeability	p. 121
6.1.6 Hysteresis Loop	p. 121
6.1.7 Eddy Current Loss	p. 122
6.1.8 Other Factors Affecting Core Loss	p. 122
6.1.9 Effect of Direction of the Grain	p. 124
6.1.10 Effect of Temperature	p. 124
6.1.11 Effect of Heat Treatment	p. 124
6.1.12 Effect of Impurities and Alloying Elements	p. 124
6.1.13 Silicon/Aluminum Steels	p. 125
6.2 Mill-Applied Insulation	p. 125
6.3 Lamination Punching and Laser Cutting	p. 125
6.4 Annealing and Burr Removal	p. 126
6.5 Enameling or Film Coatings	p. 127
References	p. 127
7 General Principles of Winding Failure, Repair and Rewinding	p. 129
7.1 Failure Processes	p. 129
7.1.1 Relative Failure Rates of Components	p. 131
7.1.2 Factors Affecting Failure Mechanism Predominance	p. 132
7.2 Factors Affecting Repair Decisions	p. 133
7.3 Cutting Out Stator Coils After Failure	p. 134
7.4 Rewinding	p. 134
References	p. 135
8 Stator Failure Mechanisms and Repair	p. 137
8.1 Thermal Deterioration	p. 137
8.1.1 General Process	p. 137
8.1.2 Root Causes	p. 139
8.1.3 Symptoms	p. 140
8.1.4 Remedies	p. 141
8.2 Thermal Cycling	p. 141
8.2.1 General Process	p. 142
8.2.2 Root Causes	p. 144
8.2.3 Symptoms	p. 145
8.2.4 Remedies	p. 145
8.3 Inadequate Impregnation or Dipping	p. 146
8.3.1 General Process	p. 146
8.3.2 Root Causes	p. 146
8.3.3 Symptoms	p. 148
8.3.4 Remedies	p. 148
8.4 Loose Coils in the Slot	p. 148
8.4.1 General Process	p. 148
8.4.2 Root Causes	p. 149
8.4.3 Symptoms	p. 151
8.4.4 Remedies	p. 152
8.5 Semiconductive Coating Failure	p. 152
8.5.1 General Process	p. 152
8.5.2 Root Causes	p. 153
8.5.3 Symptoms	p. 153
8.5.4 Remedies	p. 154
8.6 Semiconductive/Grading Coating Overlap Failure	p. 155
8.6.1 General Process	p. 155
8.6.2 Root Causes	p. 156
8.6.3 Symptoms	p. 156
8.6.4 Remedies	p. 156
8.7 Repetitive Voltage Surges	p. 157
8.7.1 General Process	p. 158
8.7.2 Root Cause	p. 159
8.7.3 Symptoms	p. 160
8.7.4 Remedies	p. 160
8.8 Contamination (Electrical Tracking)	p. 161
8.8.1 General Process	p. 161
8.8.2 Root Causes	p. 164
8.8.3 Symptoms	p. 164
8.8.4 Remedies	p. 164
8.9 Abrasive Particles	p. 165
8.9.1 General Process	p. 165
8.9.2 Root Causes	p. 165
8.9.3 Symptoms and Remedies	p. 166
8.10 Chemical Attack	p. 166
8.10.1 General Process	p. 166
8.10.2 Root Causes	p. 167
8.10.3 Symptoms	p. 167
8.10.4 Remedies	p. 167
8.11 Inadequate End-Winding Spacing	p. 168
8.11.1 General Process	p. 168
8.11.2 Root Causes	p. 170
8.11.3 Symptoms	p. 170
8.11.4 Remedies	p. 171
8.12 End-Winding Vibration	p. 172
8.12.1 General Process	p. 172
8.12.2 Root Causes	p. 173
8.12.3 Symptoms	p. 174
8.12.4 Remedies	p. 174
8.13 Stator Coolant Water Leaks	p. 175
8.13.1 General Process	p. 175
8.13.2 Root Causes	p. 176
8.13.3 Symptoms	p. 177
8.13.4 Remedies	p. 177
8.14 Poor Electrical Connections	p. 177
8.14.1 General Process	p. 178
8.14.2 Root Causes	p. 178
8.14.3 Symptoms	p. 178
8.14.4 Remedies	p. 179
References	p. 179
9 Rotor Winding Failure Mechanisms and Repair	p. 181
9.1 Round Rotor Windings	p. 181
9.1.1 Thermal Deterioration	p. 181
9.1.2 Thermal Cycling	p. 183
9.1.3 Abrasion Due To Imbalance or Turning Gear Operation	p. 186
9.1.4 Pollution (Tracking)	p. 187
9.1.5 Repetitive Voltage Surges	p. 188
9.1.6 Centrifugal Force	p. 189
9.1.7 Remedies	p. 191
9.2 Salient Pole Rotor Windings	p. 192
9.2.1 Thermal Aging	p. 192
9.2.2 Thermal Cycling	p. 193
9.2.3 Pollution (Tracking and Moisture Absorption)	p. 194
9.2.4 Abrasive Particles	p. 195
9.2.5 Centrifugal Force	p. 195
9.2.6 Repetitive Voltage Surges	p. 196
9.2.7 Remedies	p. 196
9.3 Wound Induction Rotor Windings	p. 198
9.3.1 Transient Overvoltages	p. 198
9.3.2 Unbalanced Stator Voltages	p. 199
9.3.3 High-Resistance Connections--Bar Lap and Wave Windings	p. 199
9.3.4 End-Winding Banding Failures	p. 200
9.3.5 Slip Ring Insulation Shorting and Grounding	p. 200
9.3.6 Remedies	p. 201
9.4 Squirrel Cage Induction Rotor Windings	p. 202
9.4.1 Thermal	p. 202
9.4.2 Cyclic Mechanical Stressing	p. 203
9.4.3 Poor Design/Manufacture	p. 206
9.4.4 Repairs	p. 208
References	p. 209
10 Core Lamination Insulation Failure and Repair	p. 211
10.1 Thermal Deterioration	p. 211
10.1.1 General Process	p. 212
10.1.2 Root Causes	p. 212
10.1.3 Common Symptoms	p. 213
10.2 Electrical Degradation	p. 214
10.2.1 General Process	p. 214
10.2.2 Root Causes	p. 214
10.2.3 Common Symptoms	p. 217
10.3 Mechanical Degradation	p. 218
10.3.1 General Process	p. 218
10.3.2 Root Causes	p. 218
10.3.3 Symptoms	p. 221
10.4 Failures Due To Manufacturing Defects	p. 221
10.4.1 General Process	p. 221
10.4.2 Root Causes	p. 222
10.4.3 Symptoms	p. 222
10.5 Core Repairs	p. 222
10.5.1 Loose Cores	p. 223
10.5.2 Core Insulation Shorting	p. 223
10.5.3 Core Damage Due to Winding Electrical Faults	p. 224
10.5.4 False Tooth	p. 225
10.5.5 Cracked Through-Bolt Insulation	p. 225
References	p. 225
11 General Principles of Testing and Monitoring	p. 227
11.1 Purpose of Testing and Monitoring	p. 227
11.1.1 Assessing Winding Condition and Remaining Winding Life	p. 227
11.1.2 Prioritizing Maintenance	p. 228
11.1.3 Commissioning and Warranty Testing	p. 228
11.1.4 Determining Root Cause of Failure	p. 228
11.2 Off-Line Testing Versus On-Line Monitoring	p. 229
11.3 Role of Visual Inspections	p. 230
11.4 Expert Systems to Convert Data into Information	p. 230
11.4.1 Off-Line Expert Systems	p. 231
11.4.2 On-Line Expert Systems	p. 231
References	p. 233
12 Off-Line Rotor and Stator Winding Tests	p. 235
12.1 Insulation Resistance and Polarization Index	p. 235
12.1.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 238
12.1.2 Test Method	p. 240
12.1.3 Interpretation	p. 241
12.2 DC Hipot	p. 243
12.2.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 243
12.2.2 Test Method	p. 243
12.2.3 Interpretation	p. 245
12.3 DC Conductivity Test	p. 246
12.3.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 246
12.3.2 Test Method	p. 246
12.3.3 Interpretation	p. 247
12.4 AC Hipot Test	p. 247
12.4.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 248
12.4.2 Test Method	p. 249
12.4.3 Interpretation	p. 249
12.5 Capacitance Test	p. 249
12.5.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 250
12.5.2 Test Method	p. 250
12.5.3 Interpretation	p. 251
12.6 Capacitance Tip-Up Test	p. 252
12.6.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 252
12.6.2 Test Method	p. 253
12.6.3 Interpretation	p. 253
12.7 Capacitive Impedance For Motor Stators	p. 254
12.8 Dissipation (or Power) Factor Test	p. 254
12.8.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 255
12.8.2 Test Method	p. 255
12.8.3 Interpretation	p. 257
12.9 Power (Dissipation) Factor Tip-Up Test	p. 257
12.9.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 257
12.9.2 Test Method	p. 258
12.9.3 Interpretation	p. 259
12.10 Off-Line Partial Discharge Test	p. 259
12.10.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 259
12.10.2 Test Method	p. 261
12.10.3 Interpretation	p. 262
12.11 Partial Discharge Probe Tests	p. 263
12.11.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 263
12.11.2 Test Method	p. 264
12.11.3 Interpretation	p. 264
12.12 Stator Surge Comparison Test	p. 265
12.12.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 265
12.12.2 Test Method	p. 267
12.12.3 Interpretation	p. 267
12.13 Inductive Impedance Test	p. 268
12.14 Semiconductive Coating Contact Resistance Test	p. 269
12.14.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 269
12.14.2 Test Method	p. 269
12.14.3 Interpretation	p. 270
12.15 Conductor Coolant Tube Resistance	p. 270
12.15.1 Purpose and Test Method	p. 270
12.16 Stator Wedge Tap Test	p. 270
12.16.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 271
12.16.2 Test Method	p. 271
12.16.3 Interpretation	p. 271
12.17 Slot Side Clearance Test	p. 272
12.17.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 272
12.17.2 Test Method	p. 272
12.17.3 Interpretation	p. 272
12.18 Stator Slot Radial Clearance Test	p. 273
12.18.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 273
12.18.2 Test Method	p. 273
12.18.3 Interpretation	p. 273
12.19 Stator End-Winding Resonance Test	p. 273
12.19.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 274
12.19.2 Test Method	p. 274
12.19.3 Interpretation	p. 274
12.20 Rotor Voltage Drop Test	p. 274
12.20.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 275
12.20.2 Test Method	p. 275
12.20.3 Interpretation	p. 275
12.21 Rotor RSO and Surge Test	p. 275
12.21.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 275
12.21.2 Test Method	p. 276
12.21.3 Interpretation	p. 276
12.22 Rotor Growler Test	p. 277
12.22.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 277
12.22.2 Test Method	p. 277
12.22.3 Interpretation	p. 278
12.23 Rotor Fluorescent Dye Penetrant	p. 278
12.23.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 278
12.23.2 Test Method and Interpretation	p. 278
12.24 Rotor Rated Flux Test	p. 278
12.24.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 278
12.24.2 Test Method	p. 278
12.24.3 Interpretation	p. 279
12.25 Rotor Single-Phase Rotation Test	p. 279
12.25.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 279
12.25.2 Test Method	p. 279
12.25.3 Interpretation	p. 279
12.26 Stator Blackout Test	p. 279
12.26.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 280
12.26.2 Test Method	p. 280
12.26.3 Interpretation	p. 280
12.27 Stator Pressure and Vacuum Decay Test	p. 281
12.27.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 281
12.27.2 Test Methods and Interpretation	p. 281
References	p. 282
13 In-Service Monitoring of Stator and Rotor Windings	p. 285
13.1 Thermal Monitoring	p. 286
13.1.1 Stator Winding Point Sensors	p. 286
13.1.2 Rotor Winding Sensors	p. 288
13.1.3 Data Acquisition and Interpretation	p. 288
13.1.4 Thermography	p. 289
13.2 Condition Monitors and Tagging Compounds	p. 290
13.2.1 Monitoring Principles	p. 291
13.2.2 Interpretation	p. 292
13.3 Ozone	p. 293
13.3.1 Monitoring Principles	p. 293
13.3.2 Interpretation	p. 294
13.4 On-Line Partial Discharge Monitor	p. 295
13.4.1 Monitoring Principles	p. 295
13.4.2 Interpretation	p. 302
13.5 End-Winding Vibration Monitor	p. 307
13.5.1 Monitoring Principles	p. 307
13.5.2 Data Acquisition and Interpretation	p. 308
13.6 Synchronous Rotor Flux Monitor	p. 308
13.6.1 Monitoring Principles	p. 308
13.6.2 Data Acquisition and Interpretation	p. 310
13.7 Current Signature Analysis	p. 311
13.7.1 Monitoring Principles	p. 311
13.7.2 Data Acquisition	p. 313
13.7.3 Interpretation	p. 314
13.8 Air Gap Monitoring for Salient Pole Machines	p. 315
13.8.1 Monitoring Principles	p. 315
13.9 Voltage Surge Monitor	p. 316
13.9.1 Monitoring Principles	p. 316
13.9.2 Interpretation	p. 316
13.10 Bearing Vibration Monitor	p. 317
13.10.1 Induction Motor Monitoring	p. 317
13.10.2 Synchronous Machine Monitoring	p. 318
References	p. 319
14 Core Testing	p. 321
14.1 Knife Test	p. 321
14.1.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 321
14.1.2 Test Method	p. 322
14.1.3 Interpretation	p. 322
14.2 Rated Flux Test	p. 323
14.2.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 323
14.2.2 Test Method	p. 324
14.2.3 Interpretation	p. 328
14.3 Core Loss Test	p. 328
14.3.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 328
14.3.2 Test Method	p. 328
14.3.3 Interpretation	p. 328
14.4 Low Core Flux Test (EL-CID)	p. 329
14.4.1 Purpose and Theory	p. 329
14.4.2 Test Method	p. 330
14.4.3 Interpretation	p. 331
References	p. 332
15 Acceptance and Site Testing of New Windings	p. 333
15.1 Stator Windings Insulation System Prequalification Tests	p. 333
15.1.1 Power Factor Tip-Up Test	p. 333
15.1.2 Partial Discharge Test	p. 334
15.1.3 Impulse (Surge) Test	p. 335
15.1.4 Voltage Endurance Test	p. 335
15.1.5 Thermal Cycling Test	p. 337
15.1.6 Thermal Classification Tests	p. 338
15.2 Stator Winding Insulation System Factory and On-Site Tests	p. 339
15.2.1 Insulation Resistance and Polarization Index Tests	p. 339
15.2.2 AC and DC Hipot Tests	p. 340
15.2.3 Impulse (Surge) Tests	p. 341
15.2.4 Strand-to-Strand Test	p. 342
15.2.5 Power Factor Tip-Up Test	p. 342
15.2.6 Partial Discharge Test	p. 343
15.2.7 Capacitance Test	p. 343
15.2.8 Semiconductive Coating Test	p. 344
15.2.9 Wedge Tap	p. 344
15.3 Factory and On-Site Tests for Rotor Windings	p. 345
15.3.1 Tests Applicable to All Insulated Windings	p. 345
15.3.2 Round-Rotor Synchronous Machine Windings	p. 346
15.3.3 Salient Pole Synchronous Machine Windings	p. 347
15.3.4 Wound Induction Rotor Windings	p. 347
15.3.5 Squirrel Cage Rotor Windings	p. 347
15.4 Core Insulation Factory and On-Site Tests	p. 348
15.4.1 Core Tightness Test	p. 348
15.4.2 Rated Flux Test	p. 348
15.4.3 EL-CID Test	p. 349
References	p. 350
16 Maintenance Strategies	p. 351
16.1 Maintenance and Inspection Options	p. 351
16.1.1 Breakdown or Corrective Maintenance	p. 352
16.1.2 Time-Based or Preventative Maintenance	p. 352
16.1.3 Condition-Based or Predictive Maintenance	p. 354
16.1.4 Inspections	p. 355
16.2 Maintenance Strategies for Various Machine Types and Applications	p. 357
16.2.1 Turbogenerators	p. 357
16.2.2 Salient Pole Generators and Motors	p. 359
16.2.3 Squirrel Cage and Wound-Rotor Induction Motors	p. 361
Index	p. 365
About the Authors	p. 371

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