Thomas J. LaneGeorge P. FultonR. Gary FullerSteven N. FoellmiJohn E. DyksenPaul J. Delphos and George M. WesnerJohn F. WillisKevin Castro and Gary Logsdon and Stephen R. MartinMichael V. Broder and John C. ByronJames C. HesbyMichael B. Horsley and Doug B. Elder, P.E. and Leland L. HarmsMichael C. GottliebRobert A. Bergman, P.E.Richard D. BradyJerry L. Anderson, P.E.Peter J. BarthulyBrian E. Peck and Jerry S. RussellPhilip C. ZimmermanRalph T. Eberts and Todd F. SchellhaseDave KubelJohn H. WiedemanJohn E. Spitko, Jr., P.E.Darryl J. CorbinPhilip C. Kennedy and Jane W. WheelerRichard A. Rohan, P.E. and Stephen F. BakerRonald F. CilensekThomas E. Arn and John GasserRobert A. StoopsPaul D. Swaim, P.E. and Christine A. Cotton, P.E. and Samuel S. Jeyanayagam, Ph.D., P.E., D.E.E.John M. WinslowJerry L. Anderson, P.E.

Contributors	p. ix
Preface	p. xi
Chapter 1 The Challenge of Water Treatment Plant Design	p. 1
Today's Challenges	p. 2
Development of Water Treatment Design Projects	p. 1.4
The Purpose of This Text	p. 1.5
Bibliography	p. 1.6
Chapter 2 Master Planning and Treatment Process Selection	p. 2.1
The Master Plan	p. 2.1
Water Quality Goals	p. 2.4
Treatment Options	p. 2.9
Chapter 3 Design and Construction	p. 3.1
Preliminary Design	p. 3.1
Final Design	p. 3.5
Construction Assistance	p. 3.10
Bibliography	p. 3.12
Chapter 4 Intake Facilities	p. 4.1
Intake Features	p. 4.1
Types of Intake Systems	p. 4.3
Intake Design	p. 4.15
Intake Design Considerations	p. 4.21
Racks and Screens	p. 4.31
Bibliography	p. 4.34
Chapter 5 Aeration and Air Stripping	p. 5.1
Uses of Aeration/Air Stripping	p. 5.1
Types of Aeration/Air Stripping Equipment	p. 5.2
Principles of Air Stripping and Aeration	p. 5.8
Design of Aeration/Air Stripping Processes	p. 5.10
Pilot Testing	p. 5.22
Bibliography	p. 5.24
Chapter 6 Mixing, Coagulation, and Flocculation	p. 6.1
Definitions	p. 6.1
The Coagulation Process	p. 6.2
Coagulation and Membrane Technology	p. 6.5
Design of Chemical Mixing	p. 6.6
Flocculation Process Design	p. 6.14
Process Monitoring and Control	p. 6.23
Bibliography	p. 6.25
Chapter 7 Clarification	p. 7.1
Conventional Clarification Design	p. 7.1
High-Rate Clarification	p. 7.22
Solids Contact/Slurry Recirculation Units	p. 7.28
Sludge Blanket Clarification	p. 7.32
Dissolved Air Flotation	p. 7.36
Contact Clarification	p. 7.40
Bibliography	p. 7.43
Chapter 8 High-Rate Granular Media Filtration	p. 8.1
Mechanism of Filtration	p. 8.2
Design Considerations	p. 8.2
Filter Design Criteria	p. 8.36
Filter Operation and Maintenance	p. 8.37
Bibliography	p. 8.41
Chapter 9 Slow Sand and Diatomaceous Earth Filtration	p. 9.1
Slow Sand Filtration	p. 9.2
Diatomaceous Earth Filtration	p. 9.16
Bibliography	p. 9.29
Chapter 10 Oxidation and Disinfection	p. 10.1
Regulatory Framework	p. 10.2
Chemical Oxidation Treatment	p. 10.10
Chlorination	p. 10.13
Chlorine Dioxide Systems	p. 10.34
Ozone Disinfection Systems	p. 10.39
Bibliography	p. 10.59
Chapter 11 Lime Softening	p. 1
Water Hardness and Softening Treatment	p. 1
Pretreatment	p. 5
Lime Softening Processes	p. 6
Softening Process Basins	p. 13
Special Lime Softening Design Considerations	p. 16
Future Trends in Softening	p. 19
Bibliography	p. 19
Chapter 12 Ion Exchange Applications in Water Treatment	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
The Ion Exchange Process	p. 6
Cation Exchange Process	p. 9
Anion Exchange Processes	p. 12
Demineralization	p. 30
Basics of Equipment Design	p. 32
Regeneration Methods	p. 33
Boundaries between Suppliers, Consultants, and Users	p. 53
Future Trends in Ion Exchange	p. 54
Bibliography	p. 54
Chapter 13 Membrane Processes	p. 1
Types of Membrane Processes	p. 1
Membrane System Components and Design Considerations	p. 8
Membrane Unit Design	p. 25
Other Membrane Process Design Considerations	p. 41
Bibliography	p. 48
Chapter 14 Activated Carbon Processes	p. 1
Characteristics of Activated Carbon	p. 1
Design of Powdered Activated Carbon Facilities	p. 4
Design of Granular Activated Carbon Facilities	p. 9
Regeneration of Granular Activated Carbon	p. 33
Bibliography	p. 37
Chapter 15 Chemicals and Chemical Handling	p. 1
Receiving and Storing Process Chemicals	p. 1
Chemical Feed and Metering Systems	p. 17
Designing for Safety and Hazardous Conditions	p. 41
Recent Trends in Chemical Handling and Use	p. 50
Bibliography	p. 53
Chapter 16 Hydraulics	p. 1
Hydraulic Design	p. 1
Head Loss Types and Calculations	p. 5
Hydraulic Design Hints	p. 11
Ancillary Hydraulic Design	p. 13
Bibliography	p. 15
Chapter 17 Process Residuals	p. 1
Sludge Types, Quantities, and Characteristics	p. 4
Process Residual Disposal Methods	p. 9
Residuals Disposal Regulatory Requirements	p. 12
Design Considerations and Criteria	p. 16
Residuals Handling Considerations	p. 58
Additional Information Sources	p. 67
Acknowledgment	p. 68
Bibliography	p. 68
Chapter 18 Architectural Design	p. 1
The Role of the Architect in Water Treatment Plant Design	p. 1
Facilities Design	p. 5
Construction Alternatives and Building Material Selection	p. 14
Design Standard-Promulgating Organizations and Organizations Offering Design Recommendations	p. 17
Chapter 19 Structural Design	p. 1
The Design Process	p. 1
Structural Design Considerations	p. 2
Design of Basins, Vaults, Large Conduits, and Channels	p. 10
Buildings and Superstructures	p. 12
Bibliography	p. 13
Chapter 20 Process Instrumentation and Controls	p. 1
Process and Operational Control Strategies	p. 2
Control System Design	p. 15
Instrumentation	p. 30
Bibliography	p. 42
Chapter 21 Electrical Systems	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Codes and Standards	p. 1
Electrical Distribution Systems	p. 3
Transformers	p. 4
Motors and Controllers	p. 5
Lighting	p. 8
Lightning Protection	p. 9
Power Factor Correction	p. 10
Acceptance Testing	p. 10
Maintenance	p. 11
Chapter 22 Design Reliability Features	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Reliability and Redundancy Concepts	p. 1
Overall Water Supply System Reliability	p. 3
Design Concepts	p. 5
Design Principles and Practices	p. 8
Operation and Maintenance	p. 14
References	p. 15
Chapter 23 Site Selection and Plant Arrangement	p. 1
Water Treatment Plant Site Selection	p. 1
Arrangement of Water Treatment Plant Facilities	p. 22
Bibliography	p. 36
Chapter 24 Environmental Impact and Project Permitting	p. 1
Environmental Issues Associated with Plant Construction	p. 1
Environmental Issues Associated with Plant Operations	p. 5
Project Permitting	p. 12
Integration of Environmental Issues and Regulatory Compliance into Plant Design, Construction, and Operation	p. 16
Bibliography	p. 18
Chapter 25 Operations and Maintenance Considerations during Plant Design	p. 1
Design Considerations for Plant Operations and Maintenance	p. 1
Preparing a Plant for Start-Up	p. 18
Chapter 26 Water Treatment Plant Construction Cost Estimating	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Level of Estimates	p. 2
Estimating Methodologies	p. 4
Special Cost Considerations	p. 6
Finalizing the Cost Estimate	p. 8
Bibliography	p. 10
Chapter 27 Operator Training and Plant Start-Up	p. 1
Training and Start-Up Considerations	p. 1
Design-Phase Training	p. 2
Construction-Phase Training, Start-Up, and Post-Start-Up	p. 5
Chapter 28 Pilot Plant Design and Construction	p. 1
Pilot Plant Studies	p. 2
Pilot Plant Design	p. 3
Pilot Plant Construction	p. 21
Bibliography	p. 25
Chapter 29 Ultraviolet Disinfection	p. 1
Principles of UV Disinfection	p. 2
Applications for UV Disinfection	p. 6
UV Disinfection Equipment	p. 8
Water Quality and Treatment Effects on UV Disinfection	p. 15
UV Disinfection Facility Planning, Design, and Project Implementation	p. 19
Construction, Testing, Start-Up, and O&M	p. 35
Potential Regulatory Requirements for UV Disinfection in North America	p. 38
Validation Testing	p. 43
Bibliography	p. 45
Chapter 30 Water Treatment Plant Security	p. 1
Water Quality	p. 2
Barriers	p. 2
Electronic Security Systems	p. 3
CCTV	p. 5
Procedures	p. 6
Bibliography	p. 7
Appendix A Properties and Characteristics of Water Treatment Chemicals	p. 1
Appendix B Abbreviations Commonly Used in the Water Industry	p. 1
Index follows Appendix B