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Summary
Summary
The stability of rock slopes is an important issue in both civil and mining engineering.¿ On civil projects, rock cuts must be safe from rock falls and large-scale slope instability during both construction and operation. In open pit mining, where slope heights can be many hundreds of meters, the economics of the operation are closely related to the steepest stable slope angle that can be mined.
¿
This extensively updated version of the classic text, Rock Slope Engineering by Hoek and Bray, deals comprehensively with the investigation, design and operation of rock slopes. Investigation methods include the collection and interpretation of geological and groundwater data, and determination of rock strength properties, including the Hoek Brown rock mass strength criterion. Slope design methods include the theoretical basis for the design of plane, wedge, circular and toppling failures, and design charts are provided to enable rapid checks of stability to be carried out. ¿New material contained in this book includes the latest developments in earthquake engineering related to slope stability, probabilistic analysis, numerical analysis, blasting, slope movement monitoring and stabilization methods. The types of stabilization include rock anchors, shotcrete, drainage and scaling, as well as rock fall protecting methods involving barriers, ditches, nets and sheds.
¿
Rock Slopes: Civil and Mining Engineering contains both worked examples illustrating data interpretation and design methods, and chapters on civil and mining case studies. The case studies demonstrate the application of design methods to the construction of stable slopes in a wide variety of geological conditions. The book provides over 300 carefully selected references for those who wish to study the subject in greater detail.¿ It also includes an introduction by Dr. Evert Hoek.
Table of Contents
| Introduction |
| 1 Principles of Rock Slope Design |
| 1.1 Introduction |
| 1.1.1 Scope of Book |
| 1.1.2 Socioeconomic Consequences of Slope Failures |
| 1.2 Principles of Rock Slope Engineering |
| 1.2.1 Civil Engineering |
| 1.2.2 Open Pit Mining Slope Stability |
| 1.3 Slope Features and Dimensions |
| 1.4 Rock Slope Design Methods |
| 1.4.1 Summary of Design Methods |
| 1.4.2 Limit Equilibrium Analysis (Deterministic) |
| 1.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis |
| 1.4.4 Probabilistic Design Methods |
| 1.4.5 Load and Resistance Factor Design |
| 2 Structural Geology and Data Interpretation |
| 2.1 Objectives of Geological Investigations |
| 2.2 Mechanism of Joint Formation |
| 2.3 Effects of Discontinuities on Slope Stability |
| 2.4 Orientation of Discontinuities |
| 2.5 Stereographic Analysis of Structural Geology |
| 2.5.1 Stereographic Projection |
| 2.5.2 Pole Plots and Contour Plots |
| 2.5.3 Pole Density |
| 2.5.4 Great Circles |
| 2.5.5 Lines of Intersection |
| 2.6 Identification of Modes of Slope Instability |
| 2.6.1 Kinematics Analysis |
| 2.6.2 Plane Failure |
| 2.6.3 Wedge Failure |
| 2.6.4 Toppling Failure |
| 2.6.5 Friction Cone |
| 2.6.6 Applications of Kinematic Analysis |
| 2.7 Example Problem 2.1: Stereo Plots of Structural Geology Data |
| 2.8 Example Problem 2.2: Slope Stability Evaluation Related to Structural Geology |
| 3 Site Investigation and Geological Data Collection |
| 3.1 Planning an Investigation Program |
| 3.1.1 Geology |
| 3.1.2 Rock Strength |
| 3.1.3 Ground Water |
| 3.2 Site Reconnaissance |
| 3.2.1 Aerial and Terrestrial Photography |
| 3.2.2 Geophysics |
| 3.3 Geologic Mapping |
| 3.3.1 Line and Window Mapping |
| 3.3.2 Stereogrammetric Mapping of Discontinuities |
| 3.3.3 Types of Discontinuity |
| 3.3.4 Definition of Geological Terms |
| 3.4 Spacing, Persistence and Roughness Measurements |
| 3.4.1 Spacing of Discontinuities |
| 3.4.2 Persistence of Discontinuity Sets |
| 3.4.3 Roughness of Rock Surfaces |
| 3.5 Probabilistic Analysis of Structural Geology |
| 3.5.1 Discontinuity Orientation |
| 3.5.2 Discontinuity Length and Spacing |
| 3.6 Diamond Drilling |
| 3.6.1 Diamond Drilling Equipment |
| 3.6.2 Diamond Drilling Operations |
| 3.6.3 Core Logging |
| 3.6.4 Core Orientation |
| 4 Rock Stength Properties and their Measurement |
| 4.1 Introduction |
| 4.1.1 Scale Effects and Rock Strength |
| 4.1.2 Examples of Rock Masses |
| 4.1.3 Classes of Rock Strength |
| 4.2 Shear Strength of Discontinuities |
| 4.2.1 Definition of Cohesion and Friction |
| 4.2.2 Friction Angle of Rock Surfaces |
| 4.2.3 Shearing on an Inclined Plane |
| 4.2.4 Surface Roughness |
| 4.2.5 Discontinuity Infilling |
| 4.2.6 Influence of Water on Shear Strength of Discontinuities |
| 4.3 Laboratory Testing of Shear Strength |
| 4.4 Shear Strength of Rock Masses by Back Analysis of Slope Failures |
| 4.5 Hoek-Brown Strength Criterion for Fractured Rock Masses |
| 4.5.1 Generalized Hoek-Brown Strength Criterion |
| 4.5.2 Modulus of Deformation |
| 4.5.3 Mohr-Coulomb Criterion |
| 4.5.4 Rock Mass Strength |
| 4.5.5 Determination of s'3max |
| 4.5.6 Estimation of Disturbance Factor D |
| 4.6 Rock Durability and Compressive Strength |
| 4.6.1 Slake Durability |
| 4.6.2 Compressive Strength |
| 4.6.3 Example Problem 4.1: Analysis of Direct Shear Strength Test Results |
| 4.6.4 Example Problem 4.2: Analysis of Point Load Test Results |
| 5 Groundwater |
| 5.1 Introduction |
| 5.2 The Hydrologic Cycle |
| 5.3 Hydraulic Conductivity and Flow Nets |
| 5.3.1 Hydraulic Conductivity |
| 5.3.2 Porosity |
| 5.3.3 Flow Nets |
| 5.4 Groundwater Flow in Fractured Rock |
| 5.4.1 Flow in Clean, Smooth Discontinuities |
| 5.4.2 Flow in Filled Discontinuities |
| 5.4.3 Heterogeneous Rock |
| 5.4.4 Anisotropic Rock |
| 5.4.5 Ground Water in Rock Slopes |
| 5.5 Measurement of Water Pressure |
| 5.6 Field Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity |
| 5.6.1 Variable Head Tests |
| 5.6.2 Pumping Test |
| 5.7 Example Problem 5.1: Influence of Geology and Weather Conditions on Groundwater Levels |
| 6 Plane Failure |
| 6.1 Introduction |
| 6.2 General Conditions for Plane Failure |
| 6.3 Plane Failure Analysis |
| 6.3.1 Influence of Ground Water on Stability |
| 6.3.2 Critical Tension Crack Depth and Location |
| 6.3.3 The Tension Crack as an Indicator of Instability |
| 6.3.4 Critic |
