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Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
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Searching... | 30000004998732 | TA459 M474 2002 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
This book looks at how molecules react, and how the feasibility and outcome of chemical reactions can be predicted. Beginning with an introduction to the concept of an activity series of metals, Metals and Chemical Change then introduces chemical thermodynamics (enthalpy, entropy and free energy) and applies the concept to both inorganic and organic elements. A Case Study on batteries and fuel cells is also included. The accompanying CD-ROM includes video sequences of the reactions of metals with water, acid and aqueous ions, and gives the reader an opportunity to make experimental observations and predictions about chemical behaviour. A comprehensive Data Book of chemical and physical constants is included, along with a set of interactive self-assessment questions. The Molecular World series provides an integrated introduction to all branches of chemistry for both students wishing to specialise and those wishing to gain a broad understanding of chemistry and its relevance to the everyday world and to other areas of science. The books, with their Case Studies and accompanying multi-media interactive CD-ROMs, will also provide valuable resource material for teachers and lecturers. (The CD-ROMs are designed for use on a PC running Windows 95, 98, ME or 2000.)
Author Notes
Eleanor Crabb is a Lecturer in Materials Chemistry at The Open University. She studied chemistry at the University of Reading where she continued to undertake a PhD in heterogeneous catalysis. She spent another 9 months at Reading as a postdoctoral research fellow before moving to the Ecole Normale Superieure de Chimie de Montpellier as a postdoctoral research fellow. In 1993, she joined The Open University and has worked on a number of science courses, producing both text based and multimedia materials. She has produced sequences introducing students to 3D molecular representations of molecules and proteins for a wide range of courses at different levels, and has produced a number of animated multimedia sequences on receptor binding. Her research interests remain in the field of heterogeneous catalysis and she is the author (or co-author) of around 20 papers in this area. She is currently seconded part-time to one of the Centres for Excellence in Teaching and Learning (CETL) awarded to The Open University. Rob Janes is a Staff Tutor at The Open University in Wales. He studied chemistry at the University of Leicester, where he remained to undertake PhD research in solid state chemistry of the silver halides. He spent one year as a visiting scientist at Eastman-Kodak, Rochester, New York, before moving to the University of Cambridge as a Post-Doctoral Research Associate, working on high-Tc superconductivity. He taught at the Manchester Metropolitan University, developing courses in inorganic chemistry, materials chemistry and imaging science. His publications record consists of around 50 papers in the field of solid-state/materials chemistry. His research interests centre on the synthetic routes to ceramics - more specifically nanosize ceramic oxides and composite oxides, inorganic pigments and phosphors and studies of the electronic and magnetic properties of solids. Elaine Moore is a Reader in Chemistry at The Open University. She studied chemistry at Oxford University, stayed on to complete a DPhil in theoretical chemistry and after a two year post-doctoral position at Southampton, she joined The Open University in 1975. She has produced OU teaching texts in chemistry and astronomy and her research interests are in theoretical chemistry applied to solid state systems and to NMR spectroscopy. She is author or co-author on over 40 papers in scientific journals. Lesley Smart is a Senior Lecturer in chemistry at The Open University. She studied chemistry at the University of Southampton where she stayed on to complete a PhD on Raman spectroscopy. She has written on many science courses and chaired the production of the second level chemistry course. Her research interests are in the areas of solid state chemistry and catalysis, and in particular, preparing and characterizing new materials and catalysts. Dr Rob Davies (Consultant Author) is Senior Lecturer at Imperial College, London. He graduated from the University of Bristol before going to St John's College Cambridge to study for his PhD. He was appointed to a three year Research Fellowship at St Catharines College Cambridge and then moved to Imperial College where he was awarded a Governors' lectureship. His research interests lie in synthetic organometallic and coordination chemistry, especially of the main group metals. Dr David Johnson (Consultant Author) is a Visiting Reader in Chemistry at The Open University. A fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, he was a founding member of the Department and worked on many of the chemistry courses prior to his retirement.
Reviews 1
Choice Review
This title is one in a series developed as course material by the Open University (UK) for a broad introduction to chemistry. It is clearly a textbook with an applications-driven approach, taking the properties and reactions of metals as a vehicle for introducing thermodynamics. Purists may shudder at some choices: internal energy is never discussed, and the word "reversible" barely puts in an appearance, but the concepts presented are rigorously correct and imaginatively developed. On the other hand, the classical thermodynamicist might take comfort in that the real-world approach requires defining heat, work, and state functions such as enthalpy in terms of what can be measured as opposed to invoking molecular explanations. The authors have anticipated every difficulty and misconception that plague those encountering thermodynamics for the first time and address them with clarity and insight. Although frequent reference is made to concepts developed in other volumes in the series, the material is able to stand on its own if readers have some previous experience in chemistry. Clearly intended for undergraduates, the expert will benefit, too, by thinking about familiar concepts in new ways. ^BSumming Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates; two-year technical program students. M. D. Marshall Amherst College
Table of Contents
Metals and Chemical ChangeDavid Johnson and Kiki Warr | |
1 Introduction | p. 13 |
1.1 Metals and their physical properties | p. 13 |
1.2 Summary of Section 1 | p. 16 |
2 Reactions of Metals | p. 17 |
2.1 Oxidation and reduction | p. 18 |
2.2 Oxidation of metals by aqueous hydrogen ions | p. 20 |
2.3 Reactions of metals with aqueous metal ions | p. 23 |
2.4 Reactions of metals with oxygen and the halogens | p. 25 |
2.5 Summary of Section 2 | p. 26 |
3 Metals and Their Ores | p. 27 |
3.1 Mercury | p. 28 |
3.2 Tin | p. 31 |
3.3 Aluminium | p. 32 |
3.4 Summary of Section 3 | p. 36 |
4 Metals and Their Ease of Oxidation: A Hypothesis | p. 37 |
4.1 A critical look at the hypothesis | p. 38 |
4.2 Summary of Section 4 | p. 40 |
5 Equilibrium: A Restatement of the Problem | p. 41 |
6 Thomsen's Hypothesis: Towards a Solution? | p. 42 |
6.1 Summary of Sections 5 and 6 | p. 44 |
7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Solution | p. 45 |
7.1 Entropy | p. 46 |
7.2 The direction of heat flow | p. 47 |
7.3 The direction of chemical change | p. 48 |
7.4 Summary of Section 7 | p. 51 |
8 The First Law of Thermodynamics | p. 52 |
8.1 The enthalpy change for a pure substance | p. 52 |
8.2 Measuring enthalpy changes: calorimetry | p. 56 |
8.3 Molar enthalpy changes | p. 60 |
8.4 Summary of Section 8 | p. 62 |
9 Enthalpies of Reaction: A Database | p. 63 |
9.1 Hess's law | p. 63 |
9.2 Standard enthalpy changes | p. 64 |
9.3 Standard enthalpies of formation | p. 65 |
9.3.1 Enthalpies of formation of pure substances | p. 65 |
9.3.2 Calculating standard enthalpies of reaction | p. 66 |
9.3.3 Standard enthalpies of formation of aqueous ions | p. 68 |
9.4 Summary of Section 9 | p. 70 |
10 Entropy Changes | p. 71 |
10.1 Determining entropy changes | p. 71 |
10.2 Entropy changes for phase transitions | p. 71 |
10.3 Entropy changes of substances with temperature | p. 73 |
10.4 Absolute entropies: the third law of thermodynamics | p. 79 |
10.5 Absolute entropy of chlorine gas at 298.15 K | p. 80 |
10.6 Absolute entropies in the Data Book | p. 82 |
10.7 The entropy change for a reaction | p. 82 |
10.8 Summary of Section 10 | p. 83 |
11 The Gibbs Function | p. 84 |
11.1 The Gibbs function and the equilibrium constant | p. 85 |
11.2 Final survey of the thermodynamic database | p. 87 |
11.3 Summary of Section 11 | p. 90 |
12 Metals and Their Ease of Oxidation | p. 91 |
12.1 Metals and their aqueous ions | p. 92 |
12.2 Summary of Section 12 | p. 96 |
13 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stability | p. 98 |
13.1 Summary of Section 13 | p. 101 |
14 Reactivity | p. 102 |
15 Thermodynamics and the Oxidation of Metals | p. 104 |
15.1 Some consequences of Table 15.1 | p. 106 |
15.1.1 Ball lightning | p. 106 |
15.2 Summary of Sections 14 and 15 | p. 108 |
16 Enthalpy and Entropy Terms | p. 110 |
16.1 Reactions of solids and gases: the sign of [characters not reproducible] | p. 112 |
16.2 Summary of Section 16 | p. 113 |
17 Metals and Their Ores | p. 114 |
17.1 The variation of [characters not reproducible] with temperature | p. 115 |
17.2 Carbon as a reducing agent | p. 118 |
17.3 A survey of metal extraction methods | p. 119 |
17.4 Summary of Section 17 | p. 121 |
18 The Born-Haber Cycle | p. 122 |
18.1 Comparing sodium and silver halides | p. 125 |
18.2 Summary of Section 18 | p. 126 |
19 Introduction to the Remaining Sections | p. 128 |
20 The Lattice Energy | p. 129 |
20.1 The energy of interaction between two ions | p. 130 |
20.2 The lattice energy of an ionic crystal | p. 132 |
20.3 Applying the Born-Lande equation | p. 134 |
20.4 The Kapustinskii equation | p. 135 |
20.5 A more general Born-Haber cycle | p. 136 |
20.6 Summary of Section 20 | p. 138 |
21 Electrochemical Cells and Redox Potentials | p. 139 |
22 Ionization Energies of Atoms | p. 143 |
22.1 Changes in ionization energy down a Group | p. 146 |
22.2 Summary of Section 22 | p. 147 |
23 The Chemistry of Group I: The Alkali Elements | p. 148 |
23.1 The alkali metals | p. 149 |
23.1.1 The alkali metals in liquid ammonia | p. 151 |
23.2 Summary of Section 23 | p. 153 |
24 Alkali Metal Compounds in Industry | p. 154 |
24.1 Manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine | p. 155 |
24.1.1 The membrane cell | p. 156 |
24.2 Uses of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate | p. 158 |
24.3 Summary of Section 24 | p. 159 |
25 Binary Alkali Metal Compounds with Non-Metals | p. 160 |
25.1 Alkali metal halides | p. 160 |
25.2 Oxygen compounds of the alkali metals | p. 161 |
25.2.1 The relative stability of peroxides and oxides | p. 163 |
25.3 Hydrides and nitrides of the alkali metals | p. 167 |
25.4 Summary of Section 25 | p. 168 |
26 Metal Ions, Ligands and Complexes | p. 170 |
26.1 Metal complexes | p. 170 |
26.2 The anatomy of a complex | p. 173 |
26.3 Summary of Section 26 | p. 175 |
27 Alkali Metal Complexes | p. 176 |
27.1 Alkali metal anions | p. 180 |
27.2 Summary of Section 27 | p. 183 |
28 The Group II or Alkaline Earth Elements | p. 184 |
28.1 The alkaline earth metals | p. 185 |
28.2 Why are there no Group II monohalides? | p. 188 |
28.3 Group II in industry: lime and its applications | p. 192 |
28.4 Oxides, hydroxides and carbonates of the Group II elements | p. 197 |
28.5 Are the Group II dihalides ionic? | p. 198 |
28.6 Complexes of Group II elements | p. 200 |
28.7 Summary of Section 28 | p. 201 |
Appendix Thermodynamics in This Book | p. 203 |
Learning Outcomes | p. 205 |
Questions: Answers and Comments | p. 208 |
Further Reading | p. 234 |
Acknowledgements | p. 234 |
Case Study: Batteries and Fuel CellsRonald Dell and David Johnson | |
1 Introduction | p. 237 |
2 Batteries | p. 240 |
3 Battery Applications and Sizes | p. 241 |
4 Cell Discharge and Charge | p. 243 |
5 Battery Specification | p. 246 |
5.1 Primary batteries | p. 247 |
5.2 Secondary batteries | p. 250 |
5.2.1 Lead-acid batteries | p. 250 |
5.2.2 Alkaline batteries | p. 251 |
5.2.3 Lithium batteries | p. 252 |
6 Degradation Modes in Batteries | p. 255 |
7 Fuel Cells | p. 256 |
Acknowledgements | p. 260 |
Index | p. 261 |