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Title:
Metals and chemical change
Series:
The molecular world
Publication Information:
Cambridge, UK : The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002
Physical Description:
1v + 1 CD-ROM
ISBN:
9780854046652
General Note:
Accompanied by compact disc : CP 6587

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30000004998732 TA459 M474 2002 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

This book looks at how molecules react, and how the feasibility and outcome of chemical reactions can be predicted. Beginning with an introduction to the concept of an activity series of metals, Metals and Chemical Change then introduces chemical thermodynamics (enthalpy, entropy and free energy) and applies the concept to both inorganic and organic elements. A Case Study on batteries and fuel cells is also included. The accompanying CD-ROM includes video sequences of the reactions of metals with water, acid and aqueous ions, and gives the reader an opportunity to make experimental observations and predictions about chemical behaviour. A comprehensive Data Book of chemical and physical constants is included, along with a set of interactive self-assessment questions. The Molecular World series provides an integrated introduction to all branches of chemistry for both students wishing to specialise and those wishing to gain a broad understanding of chemistry and its relevance to the everyday world and to other areas of science. The books, with their Case Studies and accompanying multi-media interactive CD-ROMs, will also provide valuable resource material for teachers and lecturers. (The CD-ROMs are designed for use on a PC running Windows 95, 98, ME or 2000.)


Author Notes

Eleanor Crabb is a Lecturer in Materials Chemistry at The Open University. She studied chemistry at the University of Reading where she continued to undertake a PhD in heterogeneous catalysis. She spent another 9 months at Reading as a postdoctoral research fellow before moving to the Ecole Normale Superieure de Chimie de Montpellier as a postdoctoral research fellow. In 1993, she joined The Open University and has worked on a number of science courses, producing both text based and multimedia materials. She has produced sequences introducing students to 3D molecular representations of molecules and proteins for a wide range of courses at different levels, and has produced a number of animated multimedia sequences on receptor binding. Her research interests remain in the field of heterogeneous catalysis and she is the author (or co-author) of around 20 papers in this area. She is currently seconded part-time to one of the Centres for Excellence in Teaching and Learning (CETL) awarded to The Open University. Rob Janes is a Staff Tutor at The Open University in Wales. He studied chemistry at the University of Leicester, where he remained to undertake PhD research in solid state chemistry of the silver halides. He spent one year as a visiting scientist at Eastman-Kodak, Rochester, New York, before moving to the University of Cambridge as a Post-Doctoral Research Associate, working on high-Tc superconductivity. He taught at the Manchester Metropolitan University, developing courses in inorganic chemistry, materials chemistry and imaging science. His publications record consists of around 50 papers in the field of solid-state/materials chemistry. His research interests centre on the synthetic routes to ceramics - more specifically nanosize ceramic oxides and composite oxides, inorganic pigments and phosphors and studies of the electronic and magnetic properties of solids. Elaine Moore is a Reader in Chemistry at The Open University. She studied chemistry at Oxford University, stayed on to complete a DPhil in theoretical chemistry and after a two year post-doctoral position at Southampton, she joined The Open University in 1975. She has produced OU teaching texts in chemistry and astronomy and her research interests are in theoretical chemistry applied to solid state systems and to NMR spectroscopy. She is author or co-author on over 40 papers in scientific journals. Lesley Smart is a Senior Lecturer in chemistry at The Open University. She studied chemistry at the University of Southampton where she stayed on to complete a PhD on Raman spectroscopy. She has written on many science courses and chaired the production of the second level chemistry course. Her research interests are in the areas of solid state chemistry and catalysis, and in particular, preparing and characterizing new materials and catalysts. Dr Rob Davies (Consultant Author) is Senior Lecturer at Imperial College, London. He graduated from the University of Bristol before going to St John's College Cambridge to study for his PhD. He was appointed to a three year Research Fellowship at St Catharines College Cambridge and then moved to Imperial College where he was awarded a Governors' lectureship. His research interests lie in synthetic organometallic and coordination chemistry, especially of the main group metals. Dr David Johnson (Consultant Author) is a Visiting Reader in Chemistry at The Open University. A fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, he was a founding member of the Department and worked on many of the chemistry courses prior to his retirement.


Reviews 1

Choice Review

This title is one in a series developed as course material by the Open University (UK) for a broad introduction to chemistry. It is clearly a textbook with an applications-driven approach, taking the properties and reactions of metals as a vehicle for introducing thermodynamics. Purists may shudder at some choices: internal energy is never discussed, and the word "reversible" barely puts in an appearance, but the concepts presented are rigorously correct and imaginatively developed. On the other hand, the classical thermodynamicist might take comfort in that the real-world approach requires defining heat, work, and state functions such as enthalpy in terms of what can be measured as opposed to invoking molecular explanations. The authors have anticipated every difficulty and misconception that plague those encountering thermodynamics for the first time and address them with clarity and insight. Although frequent reference is made to concepts developed in other volumes in the series, the material is able to stand on its own if readers have some previous experience in chemistry. Clearly intended for undergraduates, the expert will benefit, too, by thinking about familiar concepts in new ways. ^BSumming Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates; two-year technical program students. M. D. Marshall Amherst College


Table of Contents

Metals and Chemical ChangeDavid Johnson and Kiki Warr
1 Introductionp. 13
1.1 Metals and their physical propertiesp. 13
1.2 Summary of Section 1p. 16
2 Reactions of Metalsp. 17
2.1 Oxidation and reductionp. 18
2.2 Oxidation of metals by aqueous hydrogen ionsp. 20
2.3 Reactions of metals with aqueous metal ionsp. 23
2.4 Reactions of metals with oxygen and the halogensp. 25
2.5 Summary of Section 2p. 26
3 Metals and Their Oresp. 27
3.1 Mercuryp. 28
3.2 Tinp. 31
3.3 Aluminiump. 32
3.4 Summary of Section 3p. 36
4 Metals and Their Ease of Oxidation: A Hypothesisp. 37
4.1 A critical look at the hypothesisp. 38
4.2 Summary of Section 4p. 40
5 Equilibrium: A Restatement of the Problemp. 41
6 Thomsen's Hypothesis: Towards a Solution?p. 42
6.1 Summary of Sections 5 and 6p. 44
7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Solutionp. 45
7.1 Entropyp. 46
7.2 The direction of heat flowp. 47
7.3 The direction of chemical changep. 48
7.4 Summary of Section 7p. 51
8 The First Law of Thermodynamicsp. 52
8.1 The enthalpy change for a pure substancep. 52
8.2 Measuring enthalpy changes: calorimetryp. 56
8.3 Molar enthalpy changesp. 60
8.4 Summary of Section 8p. 62
9 Enthalpies of Reaction: A Databasep. 63
9.1 Hess's lawp. 63
9.2 Standard enthalpy changesp. 64
9.3 Standard enthalpies of formationp. 65
9.3.1 Enthalpies of formation of pure substancesp. 65
9.3.2 Calculating standard enthalpies of reactionp. 66
9.3.3 Standard enthalpies of formation of aqueous ionsp. 68
9.4 Summary of Section 9p. 70
10 Entropy Changesp. 71
10.1 Determining entropy changesp. 71
10.2 Entropy changes for phase transitionsp. 71
10.3 Entropy changes of substances with temperaturep. 73
10.4 Absolute entropies: the third law of thermodynamicsp. 79
10.5 Absolute entropy of chlorine gas at 298.15 Kp. 80
10.6 Absolute entropies in the Data Bookp. 82
10.7 The entropy change for a reactionp. 82
10.8 Summary of Section 10p. 83
11 The Gibbs Functionp. 84
11.1 The Gibbs function and the equilibrium constantp. 85
11.2 Final survey of the thermodynamic databasep. 87
11.3 Summary of Section 11p. 90
12 Metals and Their Ease of Oxidationp. 91
12.1 Metals and their aqueous ionsp. 92
12.2 Summary of Section 12p. 96
13 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stabilityp. 98
13.1 Summary of Section 13p. 101
14 Reactivityp. 102
15 Thermodynamics and the Oxidation of Metalsp. 104
15.1 Some consequences of Table 15.1p. 106
15.1.1 Ball lightningp. 106
15.2 Summary of Sections 14 and 15p. 108
16 Enthalpy and Entropy Termsp. 110
16.1 Reactions of solids and gases: the sign of [characters not reproducible]p. 112
16.2 Summary of Section 16p. 113
17 Metals and Their Oresp. 114
17.1 The variation of [characters not reproducible] with temperaturep. 115
17.2 Carbon as a reducing agentp. 118
17.3 A survey of metal extraction methodsp. 119
17.4 Summary of Section 17p. 121
18 The Born-Haber Cyclep. 122
18.1 Comparing sodium and silver halidesp. 125
18.2 Summary of Section 18p. 126
19 Introduction to the Remaining Sectionsp. 128
20 The Lattice Energyp. 129
20.1 The energy of interaction between two ionsp. 130
20.2 The lattice energy of an ionic crystalp. 132
20.3 Applying the Born-Lande equationp. 134
20.4 The Kapustinskii equationp. 135
20.5 A more general Born-Haber cyclep. 136
20.6 Summary of Section 20p. 138
21 Electrochemical Cells and Redox Potentialsp. 139
22 Ionization Energies of Atomsp. 143
22.1 Changes in ionization energy down a Groupp. 146
22.2 Summary of Section 22p. 147
23 The Chemistry of Group I: The Alkali Elementsp. 148
23.1 The alkali metalsp. 149
23.1.1 The alkali metals in liquid ammoniap. 151
23.2 Summary of Section 23p. 153
24 Alkali Metal Compounds in Industryp. 154
24.1 Manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorinep. 155
24.1.1 The membrane cellp. 156
24.2 Uses of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonatep. 158
24.3 Summary of Section 24p. 159
25 Binary Alkali Metal Compounds with Non-Metalsp. 160
25.1 Alkali metal halidesp. 160
25.2 Oxygen compounds of the alkali metalsp. 161
25.2.1 The relative stability of peroxides and oxidesp. 163
25.3 Hydrides and nitrides of the alkali metalsp. 167
25.4 Summary of Section 25p. 168
26 Metal Ions, Ligands and Complexesp. 170
26.1 Metal complexesp. 170
26.2 The anatomy of a complexp. 173
26.3 Summary of Section 26p. 175
27 Alkali Metal Complexesp. 176
27.1 Alkali metal anionsp. 180
27.2 Summary of Section 27p. 183
28 The Group II or Alkaline Earth Elementsp. 184
28.1 The alkaline earth metalsp. 185
28.2 Why are there no Group II monohalides?p. 188
28.3 Group II in industry: lime and its applicationsp. 192
28.4 Oxides, hydroxides and carbonates of the Group II elementsp. 197
28.5 Are the Group II dihalides ionic?p. 198
28.6 Complexes of Group II elementsp. 200
28.7 Summary of Section 28p. 201
Appendix Thermodynamics in This Bookp. 203
Learning Outcomesp. 205
Questions: Answers and Commentsp. 208
Further Readingp. 234
Acknowledgementsp. 234
Case Study: Batteries and Fuel CellsRonald Dell and David Johnson
1 Introductionp. 237
2 Batteriesp. 240
3 Battery Applications and Sizesp. 241
4 Cell Discharge and Chargep. 243
5 Battery Specificationp. 246
5.1 Primary batteriesp. 247
5.2 Secondary batteriesp. 250
5.2.1 Lead-acid batteriesp. 250
5.2.2 Alkaline batteriesp. 251
5.2.3 Lithium batteriesp. 252
6 Degradation Modes in Batteriesp. 255
7 Fuel Cellsp. 256
Acknowledgementsp. 260
Indexp. 261
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