Process quality control : troubleshooting and interpretation of data

Case Histories	p. xiii
Preface to the Third Edition	p. xv
Preface to the Second Edition	p. xix
Preface to the First Edition	p. xxiii
Part 1 Basics of Interpretation of Data
Chapter 1. Variables Data: An Introduction	p. 3
1.1 Introduction--An Experience with Data	p. 3
1.2 Variability	p. 5
1.3 Organizing Data	p. 7
1.4 Grouping Data When n is Large	p. 8
1.5 The Arithmetic Average or Mean--Central Value	p. 11
1.6 Measures of Variation	p. 12
1.7 Normal Probability Plots	p. 18
1.8 Prediction Regarding Sampling Variation: The Normal Curve	p. 20
1.9 Series of Small Samples from a Production Process	p. 27
1.10 Changes in Sample Size: Predictions about X and [sigma]	p. 28
1.11 How Large a Sample Is Needed to Estimate a Process Average?	p. 30
1.12 Sampling and a Second Method of Computing [sigma]	p. 31
1.13 Some Important Remarks about the Two Estimates	p. 34
1.14 Stem-and-Leaf	p. 36
1.15 Box-Plots	p. 37
1.16 Tolerance Intervals for Populations	p. 39
1.17 A Note on Notation	p. 41
1.18 Summary	p. 43
1.19 Practice Exercises	p. 43
Chapter 2. Ideas from Time Sequences of Observations	p. 53
2.1 Introduction	p. 53
2.2 Data from a Scientific or Production Process	p. 56
2.3 Signals and Risks	p. 57
2.4 Run Criteria	p. 59
2.5 Shewhart Control Charts for Variables	p. 65
2.6 Probabilities Associated with an X-Control Chart: Operating-Characteristic Curves	p. 74
2.7 Control Charts for Trends	p. 91
2.8 Practice Exercises	p. 99
Chapter 3. Ideas from Outliers--Variables Data	p. 105
3.1 Introduction	p. 105
3.2 Other Objective Tests for Outliers	p. 109
3.3 Two Suspected Outliers on the Same End of a Sample of n (Optional)	p. 111
3.4 Practice Exercises	p. 113
Chapter 4. Variability--Estimating and Comparing	p. 115
4.1 Introduction	p. 115
4.2 Statistical Efficiency and Bias in Variability Estimates	p. 115
4.3 Estimating [sigma] and [sigma superscript 2] from Data: One Sample of Size n	p. 117
4.4 Data from n Observations Consisting of k Subsets of n[subscript g] = r: Two Procedures	p. 118
4.5 Comparing Variabilities of Two Populations	p. 120
4.6 Summary	p. 129
4.7 Practice Exercises	p. 131
Chapter 5. Attributes or Go No-Go Data	p. 133
5.1 Introduction	p. 133
5.2 Three Important Problems	p. 133
5.3 On How to Sample	p. 143
5.4 Attributes Data Which Approximate a Poisson Distribution	p. 145
5.5 Practice Exercises	p. 153
Part 2 Statistical Process Control
Chapter 6. On Sampling to Provide a Feedback of Information	p. 157
6.1 Introduction	p. 157
6.2 Scientific Sampling Plans	p. 159
6.3 A Simple Probability	p. 160
6.4 Operating-Characteristic Curves of a Single Sampling Plan	p. 160
6.5 But Is it a Good Plan?	p. 161
6.6 Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ) and Its Maximum Limit (AOQL)	p. 163
6.7 Computing the Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ) of Lots from a Process Producing P Percent Defective	p. 164
6.8 Other Important Concepts Associated with Sampling Plans	p. 167
6.9 Risks	p. 167
6.10 Tabulated Sampling Plans	p. 168
6.11 Feedback of Information	p. 169
6.12 Where Should Feedback Begin?	p. 172
6.13 Outgoing Product Quality Rating (OPQR)	p. 173
6.14 Practice Exercises	p. 190
Chapter 7. Narrow-Limit Gauging in Process Control	p. 191
7.1 Introduction	p. 191
7.2 Outline of an NL-Gauging Plan	p. 192
7.3 Selection of a Simple NL-Gauging Sampling Plan	p. 193
7.4 Sequential NL-Gauging Plans	p. 198
7.5 OC Curves of NL-Gauge Plans	p. 201
7.6 Hazards	p. 204
7.7 Selection of an NL-Gauge Plan	p. 208
7.8 Practice Exercises	p. 209
Chapter 8. On Implementing Statistical Process Control	p. 211
8.1 Introduction	p. 211
8.2 Key Aspects of Process Quality Control	p. 212
8.3 Process Control	p. 213
8.4 Uses of Control Charts	p. 215
8.5 Rational Subgroups	p. 216
8.6 Special Control Charts	p. 216
8.7 Median Chart	p. 216
8.8 Standard Deviation Chart	p. 220
8.9 Acceptance Control Chart	p. 221
8.10 Modified Control Limits	p. 224
8.11 Arithmetic and Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Charts	p. 226
8.12 Cumulative Sum Charts	p. 229
8.13 Precontrol	p. 243
8.14 Narrow Limit Control Charts	p. 246
8.15 How to Apply Control Charts	p. 246
8.16 Other Control Charts	p. 250
8.17 Process Capability	p. 262
8.18 Process-Optimization Studies	p. 262
8.19 Capability and Specifications	p. 264
8.20 Process Performance	p. 268
8.21 Process Improvement	p. 271
8.22 Process Change	p. 271
8.23 Problem Identification	p. 272
8.24 Prioritization	p. 273
8.25 Summary	p. 275
8.26 Practice Exercises	p. 276
Part 3 Troubleshooting and Process Improvement	p. 280
Chapter 9. Some Basic Ideas and Methods of Troubleshooting	p. 281
9.1 Introduction	p. 281
9.2 Some Types of Independent and Dependent Variables	p. 282
9.3 Some Strategies in Problem Finding, Problem Solving, and Troubleshooting	p. 284
9.4 Bicking's Checklist	p. 289
9.5 Practice Exercises	p. 289
Chapter 10. Some Concepts of Statistical Design of Experiments	p. 293
10.1 Introduction	p. 293
10.2 Effects	p. 294
10.3 Sums of Squares	p. 297
10.4 Yates Method	p. 299
10.5 Blocking	p. 304
10.6 Fractional Factorials	p. 304
10.7 Graphical Analysis of 2[superscript p] Designs	p. 307
10.8 Conclusion	p. 312
10.9 Practice Exercises	p. 315
Chapter 11. Troubleshooting with Attributes Data	p. 319
11.1 Introduction	p. 319
11.2 Ideas from Sequences of Observations over Time	p. 320
11.3 Decision Lines Applicable to k Points Simultaneously	p. 321
11.4 Analysis of Means for Proportions	p. 329
11.5 Example--Proportions	p. 330
11.6 Analysis of Means for Count Data	p. 330
11.7 Example--Count Data	p. 331
11.8 Introduction to Case Histories	p. 332
11.9 One Independent Variable with k Levels	p. 333
11.10 Two Independent Variables	p. 342
11.11 Three Independent Factors	p. 354
11.12 A Very Important Experimental Design: 1/2 [times] 2[superscript 3]	p. 367
11.13 Case History Problems	p. 371
11.14 Practice Exercises	p. 376
Chapter 12 Special Strategies in Troubleshooting	p. 379
12.1 Ideas from Patterns of Data	p. 379
12.2 Disassembly and Reassembly	p. 383
12.3 A Special Screening Program for Many Treatments	p. 387
12.4 Other Screening Strategies	p. 393
12.5 Relationship of One Variable to Another	p. 393
12.6 Use of Transformations and ANOM	p. 397
12.7 Practice Exercises	p. 405
Chapter 13. Comparing Two Process Averages	p. 407
13.1 Introduction	p. 407
13.2 Tukey's Two-Sample Test to Duckworth's Specifications	p. 407
13.3 Analysis of Means, k = 2, n[subscript g] = r[subscript 1] = r[subscript 2] = r	p. 409
13.4 Student's t and F Test Comparison of Two Stable Processes	p. 411
13.5 Magnitude of the Difference between Two Means	p. 413
13.6 Practice Exercises	p. 422
Chapter 14. Troubleshooting with Variables Data	p. 425
14.1 Introduction	p. 425
14.2 Suggestions in Planning Investigations--Primarily Reminders	p. 426
14.3 A Statistical Tool for Process Change	p. 427
14.4 Analysis of Means for Measurement Data	p. 428
14.5 Example--Measurement Data	p. 430
14.6 Analysis of Means: A 2[superscript 2] Factorial Design	p. 431
14.7 Three Independent Variables: A 2[superscript 3] Factorial Design	p. 438
14.8 Computational Details for Two-Factor Interactions in a 2[superscript 3] Factorial Design	p. 444
14.9 A Very Important Experimental Design: 1/2 [times] 2[superscript 3]	p. 445
14.10 General ANOM Analysis of 2[superscript p] and 2[superscript p-1] Designs	p. 451
14.11 Practice Exercises	p. 453
Chapter 15. More Than Two Levels of an Independent Variable	p. 457
15.1 Introduction	p. 457
15.1 An Analysis of k Independent Samples--Standard Given--One Independent Variable	p. 458
15.3 An Analysis of k Independent Samples--No Standard Given--One Independent Variable	p. 459
15.4 Analysis of Means--No Standard Given--More Than One Independent Variable	p. 464
15.5 Analysis of Two-Factor Crossed Designs	p. 465
15.6 The Relation of Analysis of Means to Analysis of Variance (Optional)	p. 472
15.7 Analysis of Fully Nested Designs (Optional)	p. 474
15.8 Analysis of Means for Crossed Experiments--Multiple Factors	p. 479
15.9 Nested Factorial Experiments (Optional)	p. 493
15.10 Multifactor Experiments with Attributes Data	p. 493
15.11 Analysis of Means When the Sample Sizes Are Unequal	p. 499
15.12 Comparing Variabilities	p. 500
15.13 Nonrandom Uniformity	p. 505
15.14 Development of Analysis of Means	p. 508
15.15 Practice Exercises	p. 517
Chapter 16. What's on the CD	p. 519
Chapter 17. Epilogue	p. 531
Appendix Tables	p. 539
Index	p. 575

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