Enterprise architectures and digital administration : planning, design and assessment

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"This is the first book that addresses all three main activities in improving business and technology decisions: the planning design and assessment of enterprise architectures (EAs) Emphasis is on medium and large-size organizations in the private sector (such as banks, airlines and auto industries) and the public sector (such as federal agencies, local government organizations and military services in the Department of Defense). The book addresses the challenges faced by EA builders through an organized presentation of the issues and a step-by-step approach. The material is based on real-life EA project experience and lessons learned over a decade working in multiple-contractor, multiple-discipline teams, and multiple-agency environments."--BOOK JACKET.

Acknowledgements	p. vii
Preface	p. ix
Acronyms	p. xv
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 A New Era of Enterprise Architecture (EA) Planning	p. 1
1.2 What is an Enterprise Architecture?	p. 2
1.3 What is an Enterprise Architecture Framework?	p. 3
1.4 What is EA Planning?	p. 4
1.5 Who is Doing EA Planning Today?	p. 5
1.6 Why Organizations Are Doing EA Planning?	p. 5
1.7 The Zachman Architectural Framework	p. 6
1.8 Multiple Architectural Views	p. 6
1.9 Objectives of this Book	p. 7
1.10 EA Vision and Concept	p. 9
1.11 EA Representation	p. 9
1.12 EA Design Teams and Work Products	p. 10
1.13 EA Measurement	p. 11
1.14 Multiple Criteria	p. 13
1.15 How this Book is Organized	p. 13
2 Motivation and Impetus for Enterprise Architectures: Government, Federal, and Commercial Sectors	p. 21
2.1 Introduction	p. 21
2.2 Organization of this Chapter	p. 22
2.3 Benefits of an Enterprise Architecture	p. 22
2.4 EA Development in the Federal Agencies	p. 23
2.5 Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996	p. 24
2.6 OMB Circular A-130	p. 26
2.7 Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF) of 1999	p. 29
2.8 US Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework (TEAF)	p. 29
2.9 Enterprise Architecture Framework (EAF)	p. 30
2.10 Technical Architecture Framework for Information Management (TAFIM)	p. 30
2.11 Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) Architecture Framework	p. 33
2.12 The Open Group's Architectural Framework (TOGAF)	p. 34
2.13 OMB Reference Models	p. 34
2.14 Conclusion	p. 35
2.15 Exercises	p. 36
3 The Business Processes Architectural View	p. 39
3.1 What is a Business Process?	p. 39
3.2 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 40
3.3 Global Airline Services - An Illustrative Example	p. 41
3.4 Vision and Strategy	p. 44
3.5 Business Processes	p. 45
3.6 System Requirements	p. 49
3.7 Business Process Principles	p. 50
3.8 Business Process Assumptions	p. 51
3.9 Business Modeling Toolsets in the Market	p. 52
3.10 Selection of an EA Toolset	p. 52
3.11 Conclusions	p. 54
3.12 Exercises	p. 55
4 The Business Systems Architectural View	p. 59
4.1 What is a Business System?	p. 59
4.2 Why Business Systems?	p. 61
4.3 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 61
4.5 Business Systems Hierarchical Tree - Example Continued	p. 62
4.6 Interfaces	p. 64
4.7 Technical Reference Model (TRM)	p. 69
4.8 DoD Technical Reference Model	p. 70
4.9 U.S. Customs Service Technical Reference Model	p. 74
4.10 Assignment of Business Systems to Projects	p. 75
4.11 Conclusions	p. 77
4.12 Exercises	p. 78
5 The Data Architectural View	p. 79
5.1 Introduction	p. 79
5.2 What is the Data Architectural View?	p. 80
5.3 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 82
5.4 A Methodological Approach to the Data Architectural View	p. 83
5.5 Data Ownership and Stewardship	p. 103
5.6 Relationship of the Data Architectural View to the other Architectural Views	p. 103
5.7 Conclusion	p. 104
5.8 Exercises	p. 105
6 The Applications Architectural View	p. 107
6.1 What is a Software Application?	p. 107
6.2 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 109
6.3 A Methodology for Construction of the Applications Architectural View	p. 109
6.4 Alignment of Applications Architectural View	p. 124
6.5 Software Engineering Standards	p. 124
6.6 Representation of Software Design	p. 128
6.7 Conclusion	p. 128
6.8 Exercises	p. 129
7 The Unified Modeling Language (UML) in Software Design	p. 133
7.1 Introduction	p. 133
7.2 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 134
7.3 Origins of and Ungoing efforts in UML	p. 134
7.4 Basics of the Unified Modeling Language (UML)	p. 135
7.5 The Software Life Cycle	p. 136
7.6 Basics of UML	p. 139
7.7 An Illustrative Example on the Use of UML	p. 146
7.8 Conclusions	p. 153
7.9 Exercises	p. 155
8 The Technology Architectural View	p. 159
8.1 What is a Technology?	p. 159
8.2 What is a Technology Architectural View?	p. 160
8.3 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 161
8.4 A Methodology for Building the Technology Architectural View	p. 161
Step 1 Review of Business Systems Hierarchy	p. 164
Step 2 Review of Applications Architecture	p. 165
Step 3 Commercially-off-the-Shelf(COTS) Software Strategy	p. 167
Step 4 Mapping of Applications to Business Systems	p. 172
Step 5 Technology Principles, Assumptions, and Constraints	p. 172
Step 6 Identify Candidate Technologies and Platforms	p. 174
Step 7 Mapping of Technologies to Business Systems	p. 175
Step 8 Competing Principles of the Technology Architectural View	p. 175
Step 9 Technology Segmentation and Distribution Model	p. 177
Step 10 Logical Technology Architecture Design	p. 178
Step 11 Physical Technology Architecture Design	p. 180
Step 12 Communicate the Technology Architectural View	p. 181
8.5 Conclusions	p. 182
9 Distributed Database Design with Multiple Criteria	p. 185
9.1 Introduction	p. 185
9.2 Database Segment Development	p. 186
9.3 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 187
9.4 Statement of the Problem	p. 187
9.5 Methodological Approach	p. 189
9.6 Problem 1: One-to-Many Database Segmentation	p. 190
9.7 Problem 2: Many-to-One Database Segmentation	p. 195
9.8 Multiple Criteria	p. 198
9.9 Conclusions	p. 202
10 Performance and Capacity-Based Architecture Planning: Concepts, Principles, and Measurement Tools	p. 205
10.1 Introduction	p. 205
10.2 Objectives of this Chapter	p. 206
10.3 How this Chapter is organizad	p. 207
10.4 EPCEM Approach to Life Cycle EA Planning	p. 207
10.5 General EA System Performance Evaluation Approach	p. 212
10.6 Use of Business Modeling and Performance Simulation Tools	p. 217
10.7 Measurements and Analysis	p. 220
10.8 Illustrative Example - What Needs to be Modeled	p. 221
10.9 Testing and Simulation in a Virtual Lab Environment	p. 225
10.10 Web Load Generation for Simulation and Performance Analysis	p. 227
10.11 C&P Measurement Tools	p. 227
10.12 C&P Roles and Responsibilities	p. 229
10.13 Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 230
11 Disaster Recovery Planning	p. 233
11.1 Introduction	p. 233
11.2 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 235
11.3 What is Disaster Recovery Planning?	p. 235
11.4 Developing a Disaster Recovery Plan	p. 236
11.5 DR Requirements	p. 237
11.6 Basic Elements of a Contingency Plan	p. 238
11.7 Basics of Intra-Site Data Failover	p. 239
11.8 Basics of Inter-site Failover	p. 240
11.9 RAID Technology for Data Backup	p. 241
11.10 Disaster Readiness	p. 247
11.11 IT Audit Checklist	p. 249
11.12 Cost-Availability Trade-Offs	p. 251
11.13 Global Services Airline, An Example	p. 252
11.14 Conclusions	p. 254
11.15 Exercises	p. 256
12 The Open Group's Architectural Framework (TOGAF)	p. 257
12.1 Introduction	p. 257
12.2 Organization of this Chapter	p. 258
12.3 Technical Architecture Framework for Information Management (TAFIM)	p. 258
12.4 Emergence of TOGAF	p. 259
12.5 Technical Reference Model (TRM)	p. 260
12.6 Standards Information Base (SIB)	p. 260
12.7 Architectural Development Method (ADM)	p. 261
12.8 An Illustrative Example - A Manufacturing Environment	p. 265
12.8.1 Phase A: Initiation and Framework	p. 267
12.8.2 Phase B: Baseline Description	p. 272
12.8.3 Phase C: Target Architecture	p. 275
12.8.4 Phase D: Opportunities and Solutions	p. 275
12.8.5 Phase E: Project Initiation and Migration Planning	p. 280
12.9 Conclusion	p. 284
13 The Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DODAF)	p. 285
13.1 Introduction	p. 285
13.2 Organization of this Chapter	p. 286
13.3 Structure of the DODAF	p. 287
13.4 Guiding Principles of the DODAF Philosophy	p. 288
13.5 The Six-Step Architecture Description Process	p. 288
13.6 A Set of Automated Tools	p. 289
13.7 Description of the Product Types (i.e., Work Products)	p. 291
13.7.1 Overview and Summary Information (AV-1)	p. 295
13.7.2 Integrated Dictionary (AV-2)	p. 295
13.7.3 High-Level Operational Concept Graphic (OV-1)	p. 296
13.7.4 Operational Node Connectivity Description (OV-2)	p. 297
13.7.5 Operational Information Exchange Matrix (OV-3)	p. 298
13.7.6 Command Relationships Chart (OV-4)	p. 298
13.7.7 Activity Model (OV-5)	p. 300
13.7.8 Systems Interface Description (SV-1)	p. 300
13.7.9 Systems Communications Description (SV-2)	p. 301
13.7.10 Technical Architecture Profile (TV-1)	p. 303
13.7.11 Standards Technology Forecast (TV-2)	p. 303
13.8 Comparison of DODAF with Zachman's Framework	p. 304
13.9 Comparison of DODAF with the Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework	p. 308
13.10 Comparison of DODAF with Spewak's Enterprise Architecture Planning	p. 309
13.11 Conclusions	p. 311
13.12 Exercises	p. 312
14 Colombia's SENA Enterprise Architecture: A First EA Design and Roadmap	p. 315
14.1 Introduction	p. 315
14.2 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 316
14.3 SENA Background	p. 315
14.4 Architecture Requirements	p. 317
14.5 SENA's Organization and EA Stakeholders	p. 318
14.6 SENA's Proposed Target Arquitectura	p. 318
14.6.1 The Organizational Architectural View	p. 323
14.6.2 The Information Architectural View	p. 325
14.6.3 The Infrastructures Architectural View	p. 326
14.6.4 The Functional Architectural View (Business Processes and Systems)	p. 329
15 Multiple Criteria for EA Framework Selection and/or Tailoring: Or What is the Best EA Framework for Your Customer?	p. 333
15.1 Introduction	p. 333
15.2 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 334
15.3 Alternate Architectural Frameworks	p. 334
15.3.1 The Zachman EA Framework	p. 335
15.3.2 Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP)	p. 335
15.3.3 IBM's Architectural Description Standard (ADS)	p. 338
15.3.4 The Spewak EA Framework	p. 340
15.3.5 Generalized Enterprise-Reference Architecture and Methodology (GERAM)	p. 342
15.3.6 The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF)	p. 344
15.3.7 DoD's C4ISR Architectural Framework (DODAF)	p. 345
15.3.8 The Cap Gemini Integrated Architecture Framework (IAF)	p. 347
15.3.9 Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF)	p. 349
15.4 A Definition of a Best Enterprise Architecture	p. 351
15.5 Categories of EA Knowledge	p. 352
15.6 EA Selection Methodology	p. 352
15.7 Conclusions	p. 356
15.8 Exercises	p. 357
16 Multiple Criteria for Enterprise Architecture (EA) Evaluation and Assessment	p. 361
16.1 Introduction	p. 361
16.2 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 361
16.3 Literature Review	p. 362
16.4 The Use and Benefits of EA Indicators & Metrics in the Enterprise	p. 363
16.5 High-Level Criteria for EA Evaluation	p. 363
16.6 OMB's EA Reference Models and EA Indicators	p. 365
16.7 GAO's EA Maturity Model and Findings	p. 369
16.8 A Proposed Extension of the GAOEA Maturity Model	p. 372
16.9 Global Market and Technology Drivers of EA Measurement Needs	p. 373
16.10 An EA Compliance Checklist	p. 374
16.11 Conclusions	p. 375
17 e-Business, e-Government, e-Commerce, and Digital Administration	p. 377
17.1 Introduction	p. 377
17.2 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 378
17.3 Drivers of e-Something	p. 378
17.4 The New Technologies of Information and Communication (TICs)	p. 379
17.5 TIC-Supported Services	p. 380
17.6 e-Government	p. 381
17.7 e-Democracy	p. 382
17.8 A Systems Technology Architecture for e-Commerce	p. 388
17.9 Who is Paying for the New Technologies	p. 389
18 Lessons Learned in EA Planning, Design, and Development	p. 395
18.1 Introduction	p. 395
18.2 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 395
18.3 EA Lessons Learned	p. 395
18.4 Conclusions	p. 402
19 EA Implementation, Compliance, and Governance Strategies: A Road Map to EA Success	p. 403
19.1 Introduction	p. 403
19.2 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 403
19.3 Success Factors in Building an EA	p. 404
19.4 EA Engineering, How to Do it Right	p. 404
19.5 Organizational Change (OC)	p. 408
19.6 Institutional EA Governance	p. 409
19.7 EA Compliance	p. 410
19.8 Securing Support from your EA Stakeholders Community	p. 410
20 A Mathematical Foundation for Enterprise Architecture Design	p. 415
20.1 Why a Mathematical Foundation for EA Design?	p. 415
20.2 How this Chapter is Organized	p. 416
20.3 EA Mathematical Representation	p. 417
20.4 Integrated, Multiple Architectural Design Views	p. 427
20.5 Pareto Efficient Design Frontier	p. 431
20.5.1 Example in Aircraft Design	p. 431
20.5.2 Example in Database Design	p. 433
20.6 Reaching for the EA Pareto Frontier with Multiple Design Teams, New EA Model for Future Research	p. 436
20.7 Conclusions	p. 440
Glossary	p. 443
Bibliography	p. 453
Appendix	p. 473
Index	p. 477

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