Power world simulator version 8.0

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The new edition of Glover and Sarma's highly-respected text provides students with an introduction to the basic concepts of power systems along with tools to aid them in applying these skills to real world situations. Like earlier editions of the book, physical concepts are highlighted while also giving necessary attention to math-ematical techniques. Both theory and modeling are developed from simple beginnings so that they can be readily extended to new and complex situations. Beginning in Ch. 3, students are introduced to new concepts critical to analyzing power systems, including coverage of both balanced and unbalanced operating conditions. The authors incorporate new tools and material to aid students with design issues and reflect recent trends in the field. Each book now contains a CD with Power World software. This package is commonly used in industry and will enable students to analyze and simulate power systems. The authors use the software to extend, rather than replace, the fully worked examples provided in previous editions. In the new edition, each Power World Simulator example includes a fully worked hand solution of the problem along with a Power World Simulator case (except when the problem size makes it impractical). The new edition also contains updated case studies on recent trends in the Power Systems field, including coverage of deregulation, increased power demand, economics, and alternative sources of energy. These case studies are derived from real life situations.

Preface	p. ix
List of Symbols, Units, and Notation	p. xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
Case Study: Restructuring and Reregulation of the U.S. Electric Utility Industry	p. 2
1.1 History of Electric Power Systems	p. 5
1.2 Present and Future Trends	p. 12
1.3 Electric Utility Industry Structure	p. 15
1.4 Computers in Power System Engineering	p. 16
1.5 PowerWorld Simulator	p. 17
Chapter 2 Fundamentals	p. 25
Case Study: Restructuring the Thin-Stretched Grid	p. 26
2.1 Phasors	p. 34
2.2 Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase ac Circuits	p. 36
2.3 Complex Power	p. 41
2.4 Network Equations	p. 46
2.5 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits	p. 49
2.6 Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits	p. 57
2.7 Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase versus Single-Phase Systems	p. 61
Chapter 3 Power Transformers	p. 71
Case Study: How Electric Utilities Buy Quality When They Buy Transformers	p. 72
3.1 The Ideal Transformer	p. 76
3.2 Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers	p. 82
3.3 The Per-Unit System	p. 88
3.4 Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift	p. 96
3.5 Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers	p. 101
3.6 Three-Winding Transformers	p. 106
3.7 Autotransformers	p. 109
3.8 Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios	p. 111
Chapter 4 Transmission-Line Parameters	p. 130
Case Study: Special Report--Transmission Structures	p. 131
4.1 Transmission Line Design Considerations	p. 145
4.2 Resistance	p. 151
4.3 Conductance	p. 154
4.4 Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor	p. 154
4.5 Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing	p. 159
4.6 Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors	p. 162
4.7 Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return	p. 170
4.8 Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor	p. 175
4.9 Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing	p. 178
4.10 Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors	p. 180
4.11 Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return	p. 184
4.12 Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level	p. 189
4.13 Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines	p. 192
Chapter 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation	p. 199
Case Study: FACTS Technology Development: An Update	p. 200
5.1 Medium and Short Line Approximations	p. 208
5.2 Transmission-Line Differential Equations	p. 215
5.3 Equivalent [pi] Circuit	p. 221
5.4 Lossless Lines	p. 223
5.5 Maximum Power Flow	p. 232
5.6 Line Loadability	p. 234
5.7 Reactive Compensation Techniques	p. 239
Chapter 6 Power Flows	p. 250
Case Study: Visualizing the Electric Grid	p. 251
6.1 Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Gauss Elimination	p. 261
6.2 Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel	p. 265
6.3 Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations: Newton-Raphson	p. 271
6.4 The Power-Flow Problem	p. 275
6.5 Power-Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel	p. 281
6.6 Power-Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson	p. 284
6.7 Control of Power Flow	p. 292
6.8 Sparsity Techniques	p. 296
6.9 Fast Decoupled Power Flow	p. 299
Design Projects 1-5	p. 307
Chapter 7 Symmetrical Faults	p. 319
Case Study: The Problem of Arcing Faults in Low-Voltage Power Distribution Systems	p. 320
7.1 Series R-L Circuit Transients	p. 322
7.2 Three-Phase Short Circuit--Unloaded Synchronous Machine	p. 325
7.3 Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits	p. 328
7.4 Bus Impedance Matrix	p. 332
7.5 Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection	p. 340
Design Project 4 (continued)	p. 354
Chapter 8 Symmetrical Components	p. 356
8.1 Definition of Symmetrical Components	p. 357
8.2 Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads	p. 362
8.3 Sequence Networks of Series Impedances	p. 370
8.4 Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines	p. 372
8.5 Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines	p. 374
8.6 Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers	p. 380
8.7 Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Three-Winding Transformers	p. 385
8.8 Power in Sequence Networks	p. 388
Chapter 9 Unsymmetrical Faults	p. 396
Case Study: Fires at U.S. Utilities	p. 397
9.1 System Representation	p. 398
9.2 Single Line-to-Ground Fault	p. 403
9.3 Line-to-Line Fault	p. 408
9.4 Double Line-to-Ground Fault	p. 410
9.5 Sequence Bus Impedance Matrices	p. 417
Design Project 4 (continued)	p. 435
Design Project 6	p. 436
Chapter 10 System Protection	p. 438
Case Study: Digital Relay Reports Verify Power System Models	p. 439
10.1 System Protection Components	p. 449
10.2 Instrument Transformers	p. 450
10.3 Overcurrent Relays	p. 457
10.4 Radial System Protection	p. 461
10.5 Reclosers and Fuses	p. 466
10.6 Directional Relays	p. 469
10.7 Protection of Two-Source System with Directional Relays	p. 471
10.8 Zones of Protection	p. 472
10.9 Line Protection with Impedance (Distance) Relays	p. 475
10.10 Differential Relays	p. 482
10.11 Bus Protection with Differential Relays	p. 484
10.12 Transformer Protection with Differential Relays	p. 485
10.13 Pilot Relaying	p. 490
10.14 Digital Relaying	p. 491
Chapter 11 Power System Controls	p. 504
Case Study: Meet the Emerging Transmission Market Segments	p. 507
11.1 Generator-Voltage Control	p. 516
11.2 Turbine-Governor Control	p. 517
11.3 Load-Frequency Control	p. 521
11.4 Economic Dispatch	p. 525
11.5 Optimal Power Flow	p. 538
Chapter 12 Transmission Lines: Transient Operation	p. 547
Case Study: Protecting Computer Systems Against Power Transients	p. 548
Case Study: VariSTAR Type AZE Surge Arresters	p. 555
12.1 Traveling Waves on Single-Phase Lossless Lines	p. 558
12.2 Boundary Conditions for Single-Phase Lossless Lines	p. 561
12.3 Bewley Lattice Diagram	p. 570
12.4 Discrete-Time Models of Single-Phase Lossless Lines and Lumped RLC Elements	p. 575
12.5 Lossy Lines	p. 582
12.6 Multiconductor Lines	p. 586
12.7 Power System Overvoltages	p. 589
12.8 Insulation Coordination	p. 596
Chapter 13 Transient Stability	p. 608
Case Study: The Great Blackout	p. 610
13.1 The Swing Equation	p. 613
13.2 Simplified Synchronous Machine Model and System Equivalents	p. 619
13.3 The Equal-Area Criterion	p. 621
13.4 Numerical Integration of the Swing Equation	p. 628
13.5 Multimachine Stability	p. 633
13.6 Design Methods for Improving Transient Stability	p. 638
Appendix	p. 644
Index	p. 648

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