Thermal sciences : an introduction to thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer

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This book covers three key subjects: thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer. Taking a well-balanced approach, the authors clearly demonstrate the connections among the three interrelated subjects. Because of the consistent terminology and continuity, readers will find it easier to learn the three subjects. Instructors will also find it easier to refer to material covered earlier (e.g. thermodynamic laws as applied in fluid mechanics and heat transfer). The book has a design emphasis and provides the appropriate amount of material for non-mechanical engineering students. Addressing various levels of difficulty, the authors provide a wealth of examples and exercises, including synthesis problems and design problems.

Introduction to Thermal Sciences	p. xvii
Part 1 Thermodynamics	p. 1
Chapter 1 Concepts, Definitions, and Basic Principles	p. 3
1.1 Introduction	p. 4
1.2 Thermodynamic Systems and Control Volumes	p. 4
1.3 Macroscopic Description	p. 6
1.4 Properties and State of a System	p. 6
1.5 Equilibrium, Processes, and Cycles	p. 8
1.6 Units	p. 9
1.7 Density, Specific Volume, and Specific Weight	p. 12
1.8 Pressure	p. 13
1.9 Temperature	p. 17
1.10 Energy	p. 18
1.11 Summary	p. 20
Chapter 2 Properties of Pure Substances	p. 27
2.1 Introduction	p. 28
2.2 The p-v-T Surface	p. 28
2.3 The Liquid-Vapor Region	p. 30
2.4 Properties of Steam	p. 32
2.4.1 Steam Tables	p. 32
2.4.2 TK Solver	p. 32
2.5 Equations of State	p. 36
2.6 Equations of State for a Nonideal Gas	p. 39
2.7 Summary	p. 41
Chapter 3 Work and Heat	p. 47
3.1 Introduction	p. 48
3.2 Definition of Work	p. 48
3.3 Quasi-equilibrium Work Due to a Moving Boundary	p. 49
3.4 Nonequilibrium Work	p. 54
3.5 Other Work Modes	p. 56
3.6 Heat Transfer	p. 58
3.6.1 Conduction	p. 60
3.6.2 Convection	p. 63
3.6.3 Radiation	p. 64
3.7 Summary	p. 67
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics	p. 75
4.1 Introduction	p. 76
4.2 The First Law Applied to a Cycle	p. 76
4.3 The First Law Applied to a Process	p. 78
4.4 Enthalpy	p. 80
4.5 Latent Heat	p. 82
4.6 Specific Heats	p. 83
4.7 The First Law Applied to Systems	p. 88
4.8 General Formulation for Control Volumes	p. 93
4.9 The First Law Applied to Control Volumes	p. 98
4.10 Transient Flow	p. 106
4.11 The First Law with Heat Transfer Applications	p. 109
4.12 Summary	p. 121
Chapter 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics	p. 141
5.1 Introduction	p. 142
5.2 Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators	p. 143
5.3 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics	p. 144
5.4 Reversibility	p. 145
5.5 The Carnot Engine	p. 147
5.6 Carnot Efficiency	p. 150
5.7 Entropy	p. 153
5.8 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats	p. 156
5.9 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Variable Specific Heats	p. 158
5.10 Entropy Change for Substances Such As Steam, Solids, and Liquids	p. 160
5.11 The Inequality of Clausius	p. 163
5.12 Entropy Change for an Irreversible Process	p. 164
5.13 The Second Law Applied to a Control Volume	p. 167
5.14 Summary	p. 173
Chapter 6 Power and Refrigeration Vapor Cycles	p. 185
6.1 Introduction	p. 186
6.2 The Rankine Cycle	p. 186
6.3 A Possible Steam Carnot Cycle	p. 189
6.4 Rankine Cycle Efficiency	p. 190
6.5 The Reheat Cycle	p. 193
6.6 The Regenerative Cycle	p. 195
6.7 Effect of Losses on Power Cycle Efficiency	p. 200
6.8 The Vapor-Refrigeration Cycle	p. 202
6.9 The Heat Pump	p. 208
6.10 Summary	p. 210
Chapter 7 Power and Refrigeration Gas Cycles	p. 221
7.1 Introduction	p. 222
7.2 The Air-Standard Cycle	p. 222
7.3 The Carnot Cycle	p. 224
7.4 The Otto Cycle	p. 225
7.5 The Diesel Cycle	p. 227
7.6 The Brayton Cycle	p. 231
7.7 The Regenerative Brayton Cycle	p. 235
7.8 The Combined Brayton-Rankine Cycle	p. 237
7.9 The Gas-Refrigeration Cycle	p. 239
7.10 Summary	p. 242
Chapter 8 Psychrometrics	p. 253
8.1 Introduction	p. 253
8.2 Gas-Vapor Mixtures	p. 254
8.3 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures	p. 258
8.4 The Psychrometric Chart	p. 260
8.5 Air-Conditioning Processes	p. 261
8.6 Summary	p. 267
Chapter 9 Combustion	p. 275
9.1 Combustion Equations	p. 275
9.2 Enthalpy of Formation, Enthalpy of Combustion, and the First Law	p. 280
9.3 Adiabatic Flame Temperature	p. 284
9.4 Summary	p. 288
Part 2 Fluid Mechanics	p. 293
Chapter 10 Basic Considerations	p. 295
10.1 Introduction	p. 296
10.2 Dimensions, Units, and Physical Quantities	p. 297
10.3 Continuum View of Gases and Liquids	p. 301
10.4 Pressure and Temperature Scales	p. 303
10.5 Fluid Properties	p. 305
10.5.1 Density and Specific Weight	p. 306
10.5.2 Viscosity	p. 306
10.5.3 Compressibility	p. 310
10.5.4 Surface Tension	p. 311
10.5.5 Vapor Pressure	p. 313
10.6 Conservation Laws	p. 315
10.7 Thermodynamic Properties and Relationships	p. 315
10.7.1 Properties of an Ideal Gas	p. 316
10.7.2 First Law of Thermodynamics	p. 316
10.7.3 Other Thermodynamic Quantities	p. 318
10.8 Summary	p. 321
Chapter 11 Fluid Statics	p. 329
11.1 Introduction	p. 330
11.2 Pressure at Point	p. 330
11.3 Pressure Variation	p. 331
11.4 Fluids at Rest	p. 333
11.4.1 Pressures in Liquids at Rest	p. 333
11.4.2 Pressures in the Atmosphere	p. 334
11.4.3 Manometers	p. 337
11.4.4 Forces on Plane Areas	p. 339
11.4.5 Forces on Curved Surfaces	p. 345
11.4.6 Buoyancy	p. 348
11.5 Linearly Accelerating Containers	p. 351
11.6 Rotating Containers	p. 353
11.7 Summary	p. 356
Chapter 12 Introduction to Fluids in Motion	p. 369
12.1 Introduction	p. 370
12.2 Description of Fluid Motion	p. 371
12.2.1 Lagrangian and Eulerian Disciplines of Motion	p. 371
12.2.2 Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines	p. 372
12.2.3 Acceleration	p. 374
12.2.4 Angular Velocity and Vorticity	p. 377
12.3 Classification of Fluid Flows	p. 382
12.3.1 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows	p. 382
12.3.2 Viscous and Inviscid Flows	p. 383
12.3.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flows	p. 384
12.3.4 Incompressible and Compressible Flows	p. 388
12.4 The Bernoulli Equation	p. 389
12.5 Summary	p. 399
Chapter 13 The Integral Forms of the Fundamental Laws	p. 409
13.1 Introduction	p. 410
13.2 The Three Basic Laws	p. 411
13.3 System-to-Control-Volume Transformation	p. 414
13.3.1 Simplifications of the System-to-Control-Volume Transformation	p. 417
13.4 Conservation of Mass	p. 418
13.5 Energy Equation	p. 425
13.5.1 Work-Rate Term	p. 426
13.5.2 General Energy Equation	p. 427
13.5.3 Steady Uniform Flow	p. 429
13.5.4 Steady Nonuniform Flow	p. 432
13.6 Momentum Equation	p. 436
13.6.1 General Momentum Equation	p. 436
13.6.2 Steady Uniform Flow	p. 437
13.6.3 Momentum Equation Applied to Deflectors	p. 444
13.6.4 Steady Nonuniform Flow	p. 451
13.7 Summary	p. 452
Chapter 14 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude	p. 471
14.1 Introduction	p. 472
14.2 Dimensional Analysis	p. 473
14.2.1 Motivation	p. 473
14.2.2 Review of Dimensions	p. 475
14.2.3 Buckingham [pi]-Theorem	p. 476
14.2.4 Common Dimensionless Parameters	p. 481
14.3 Similitude	p. 483
14.3.1 General Information	p. 483
14.3.2 Confined Flows	p. 485
14.3.3 Free-Surface Flows	p. 485
14.3.4 High-Reynolds-Number Flows	p. 488
14.3.5 Compressible Flows	p. 490
14.3.6 Periodic Flows	p. 491
14.4 Summary	p. 492
Chapter 15 Internal Flows	p. 501
15.1 Introduction	p. 502
15.2 Entrance Flow and Developed Flow	p. 502
15.3 Laminar Flow in a Pipe	p. 505
15.4 Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates	p. 510
15.5 Laminar Flow between Rotating Cylinders	p. 516
15.6 Turbulent Flow in a Pipe	p. 520
15.6.1 Differential Equation	p. 522
15.6.2 Velocity Profile	p. 526
15.6.3 Losses in Developed Pipe Flow	p. 532
15.6.4 Losses in Noncircular Conduits	p. 539
15.6.5 Minor Losses in Pipe Flow	p. 540
15.6.6 Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines	p. 545
15.6.7 Simple Pipe System with a Pump	p. 548
15.7 Uniform Turbulent Flow in Open Channels	p. 550
15.8 Summary	p. 554
Chapter 16 External Flows	p. 571
16.1 Introduction	p. 572
16.2 Separation	p. 576
16.3 Flow around Immersed Bodies	p. 579
16.3.1 Drag Coefficients	p. 579
16.3.2 Vortex Shedding	p. 585
16.3.3 Streamlining	p. 588
16.3.4 Cavitation	p. 589
16.3.5 Added Mass	p. 591
16.4 Lift and Drag on Airfoils	p. 593
16.5 Potential Flow Theory	p. 598
16.5.1 Basic Flow Equations	p. 598
16.5.2 Simple Solutions	p. 602
16.5.3 Superposition	p. 605
16.6 Boundary Layer Theory	p. 608
16.6.1 General Background	p. 608
16.6.2 Von Karman Integral Equation	p. 611
16.6.3 Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer	p. 613
16.6.4 Turbulent Boundary Layer: Power-Law Form	p. 617
16.6.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer: Empirical Form	p. 620
16.6.6 Convection Heat Transfer	p. 626
16.6.7 Pressure Gradient Effects	p. 629
16.7 Summary	p. 632
Chapter 17 Compressible Flow	p. 647
17.1 Introduction	p. 648
17.2 Speed of Sound and the Mach Number	p. 650
17.3 Isentropic Nozzle Flow	p. 653
17.4 Normal Shock Wave	p. 663
17.5 Shock Waves in Converging-Diverging Nozzles	p. 670
17.6 Oblique Shock Waves	p. 674
17.7 Isentropic Expansion Waves	p. 679
17.8 Summary	p. 682
Appendix	p. 689
A. Units and Conversions	p. 689
B. Material Properties	p. 691
C. Thermodynamic Properties of Water (Steam Tables)	p. 703
D. Thermodynamic Properties of Freon 12	p. 717
E. Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia	p. 728
F. Ideal-Gas Tables	p. 733
G. Psychrometric Charts	p. 745
H. Compressibility Chart	p. 747
I. Compressible-Flow Tables for Air	p. 749
J. Properties of Areas and Volumes	p. 753
K. Vector Relations	p. 755
Answers to Selected Problems	p. 757
Index	p. 767

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