Active filters for integrated-circuit applications

Title:

Personal Author:

Irons, Fred H.

Series:

Artech House microwave library

Publication Information:

Norwood, MA : Artech House, 2005

Physical Description:

1 CD-ROM ; 12 cm.

ISBN:

9781580538961

General Note:

Accompanies text of the same title : TK7872.F5 I76 2005

Subject Term:

Electric filters, Active

Integrated circuits -- Design and construction

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Integrated circuits are used in a wide range of devices, from microprocessors to audio and video equipment. Active filters play a critical role in the design of this equipment, preventing unwanted frequencies from interfering with the electronic signal. A thorough understanding of these topics is essential for engineers working in the field. For the first time, professionals and students find comprehensive knowledge and detailed design guidance on active filters for integrated-circuit applications in this single, authoritative resource. The book identifies common problem areas, reviews circuit analysis operations, and thoroughly explains the concept of feedback. Engineers find a case study for two operational amplifier designs that illustrates key challenges that need to be overcome. CD-ROM Included Contains circuit and Matlab registered] files that help readers solve examples presented in the book.

Author Notes

Fred H. Irons served as a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Maine from 1990 to 2000.

Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Filter Terminology	p. 2
1.1.1 Filter Component Values	p. 8
1.1.2 An Active Filter Definition	p. 9
1.1.3 Conclusion	p. 11
1.2 Problems	p. 12
2 Review of Circuit Analysis Concepts	p. 15
2.1 Network Parameter Matrices	p. 15
2.2 Network Scale Factors	p. 19
2.3 Frequency Transformations of Passive Filters	p. 24
2.3.1 LP to LP	p. 24
2.3.2 LP to HP	p. 25
2.3.3 LP to BP	p. 27
2.3.4 LP to BP Network Functions	p. 31
2.3.5 BP Filter Element Values	p. 34
2.3.6 LP to BS	p. 38
2.4 Impedance Transformations of Passive Filters	p. 40
2.4.1 The Internal Loop Scaling Procedure	p. 41
2.4.2 The Double Terminated Network and Its Dual	p. 47
2.5 Summary	p. 49
2.6 Problems	p. 51
3 Frequency Effects in Feedback Circuits	p. 57
3.1 The Operational Amplifier	p. 58
3.1.1 Some Application Procedures	p. 64
3.1.2 Single-Pole Open-Loop Gain	p. 66
3.1.3 Double-Pole Open-Loop Gain	p. 67
3.1.4 Triple-Pole Open-Loop Gain	p. 70
3.2 An Operational Amplifier Dual	p. 72
3.2.1 Invariant Frequency Response Example	p. 74
3.3 Summary	p. 75
3.4 Problems	p. 76
References	p. 80
4 Some Opamp Design Considerations	p. 81
4.1 The Current Mirror	p. 81
4.1.1 The Widlar Mirror	p. 84
4.2 The Differential Amplifier Input Stage	p. 87
4.2.1 A Single Transistor Amplifier	p. 90
4.2.2 Small-Signal Frequency Response	p. 93
4.2.3 Signal Representation	p. 97
4.2.4 Second-Order Effect on Amplifier Model	p. 99
4.3 The Second Stage	p. 101
4.4 The Third Stage	p. 108
4.4.1 Complementary Emitter Follower Output Stage	p. 113
4.5 All Together Now-A Three-Stage Opamp	p. 119
4.5.1 Temperature Compensation of Output Offset	p. 121
4.5.2 Case Study-A Current Controlled Opamp	p. 124
4.6 Conclusion	p. 126
4.7 Problems	p. 127
References	p. 134
Appendix 4A Matlab and Transistor Modeling	p. 135
4A.1 Modeling BJT Static Response	p. 135
4A.2 Modeling Dynamic Response	p. 143
4A.3 Summary	p. 149
5 Operational Design of Active Filters	p. 153
5.1 The Opamp as a Signal Processor	p. 154
5.1.1 The Buffer Voltage Follower	p. 154
5.1.2 The Noninverting Multiplying Buffer	p. 155
5.1.3 The Noninverting Summing Multiplier	p. 155
5.1.4 The Inverting Summing Multiplier	p. 156
5.1.5 The Inverting Integrator	p. 157
5.2 Analog Operational Circuit Example	p. 158
5.2.1 Adding Transmission Zeros	p. 164
5.3 State Variable Filters	p. 166
5.4 Cascade Methods	p. 169
5.4.1 The Cascade Concept	p. 170
5.4.2 A Single-Amplifier Quadratic Factor Circuit	p. 183
5.4.3 The Twin-T Circuit	p. 186
5.4.4 The Biquad Circuit	p. 191
5.5 Problems	p. 200
Reference	p. 215
6 Network Sensitivity and Leapfrog Filters	p. 217
6.1 A Filter Sensitivity Definition	p. 217
6.1.1 A Sensitivity Property for Terminated Passive Filters	p. 222
6.2 The Leapfrog Filter Architecture	p. 223
6.2.1 Leapfrog Example of Sensitivity Performance	p. 231
6.2.2 The Elliptic Filter LP Topology	p. 236
6.2.3 The All-Pole BP Filter Topology	p. 239
6.2.4 Topology for BP Filters with Finite Transmission Zeros	p. 244
6.3 Summary	p. 247
6.4 Problems	p. 248
Reference	p. 257
7 Switched Capacitor Concepts	p. 259
7.1 The CMOS Switch or Transmission Gate	p. 259
7.1.1 The Switch Clock Rate and Sampling	p. 262
7.1.2 Switch Configurations and Parasitic Capacitance	p. 264
7.1.3 The Equivalent Resistance Concept	p. 267
7.1.4 Typical Resistance and Clock Frequencies	p. 271
7.2 Switched Capacitors and Analog Operations	p. 274
7.2.1 Switched Capacitor s-Plane Distortion	p. 287
7.2.2 Precompensated Network Functions	p. 294
7.2.3 Scale Factors and Bandpass Filter Considerations	p. 298
7.3 Problems	p. 304
References	p. 311
8 The Approximation Problem	p. 313
8.1 Traditional Methods	p. 313
8.1.1 Ideal LP Filter Characteristics	p. 313
8.1.2 Critical Frequencies and Steady-State Response	p. 317
8.1.3 The Butterworth Polynomials	p. 319
8.1.4 The Chebyshev Polynomials	p. 324
8.1.5 Inverted Chebyshev Polynomials	p. 330
8.1.6 A General Form for the LP Transmission Function	p. 333
8.2 General Methods	p. 337
8.2.1 A Fourier Series Solution	p. 338
8.2.2 Finding Polynomial Ratio Network Functions	p. 353
8.2.3 Network Function Phase Versus Loss Function Phase	p. 362
8.2.4 Obtaining Polynomials from a Phase Response	p. 364
8.2.5 Optimizing Polynomial Parameters	p. 374
8.3 Problems	p. 385
References	p. 390
Appendix 8A Approximation Details	p. 390
8A.1 Derivation of the Hilbert Transform	p. 390
8A.2 Program Description	p. 393
8A.3 Code Listing	p. 395
About the Author	p. 403
Index	p. 405

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Summary

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Author Notes

Table of Contents