Space-time codes and MIMO systems

MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) is the technology that is advancing the wireless industry from Third Generation (3G) to cutting edge Fourth Generation (4G) systems, and this book is the professional engineer's essential guide to MIMO. It takes readers step-by-step from the basics of MIMO through various coding techniques to such advance topics as multiplexing and packet transmission. Practical examples are emphasized and arcane math is kept to a minimum, so field engineers can quickly and thoroughly understand the essentials of MIMO. The book takes a systems view of MIMO technology to help engineers quickly analyze the benefits and drawbacks of any MIMO systems. Professionals find detailed coverage of a critical up-and-coming topic not covered in any other book -- direct interfacing of a CDMA system, such as IS-95 with an OFDM system. This approach helps engineers design systems that can meet the ever-increasing need for higher throughput wireless communication. CD-ROM Included Features software to simulate wireless systems as well as tutorial software.

Author Notes

Mohinder Jankiraman is a Dallas, Texas-based technology consultant with more than 20 years of professional engineering experience in wireless communications

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xv
Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 The Crowded Spectrum	p. 1
1.2 Need for High Data Rates	p. 1
1.3 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems	p. 6
1.4 Internet Protocol	p. 8
1.4.1 Routing Operations	p. 8
1.4.2 The Transmission Control Protocol	p. 8
1.5 Wireless Internet Protocol	p. 11
References	p. 12
Chapter 2 The MIMO Wireless Channel	p. 15
2.1 Introduction	p. 15
2.2 Preliminaries	p. 15
2.2.1 Multiantenna Systems	p. 15
2.2.2 Array Gain	p. 15
2.2.3 Diversity Gain	p. 16
2.2.4 Data Pipes	p. 18
2.2.5 Spatial Multiplexing	p. 19
2.2.6 Additional Terms	p. 19
2.3 MIMO System Model	p. 20
2.4 MIMO System Capacity	p. 22
2.5 Channel Unknown to the Transmitter	p. 23
2.6 Channel Known to the Transmitter	p. 24
2.6.1 Water-Pouring Principle	p. 24
2.6.2 Capacity When Channel Is Known to the Transmitter	p. 26
2.7 Deterministic Channels	p. 27
2.7.1 SIMO Channel Capacity	p. 27
2.7.2 MISO Channel Capacity	p. 28
2.8 Random Channels	p. 29
2.8.1 Ergodic Capacity	p. 30
2.8.2 Outage Capacity	p. 31
2.9 Influence of Fading Correlation on MIMO Capacity	p. 32
2.10 Influence of LOS on MIMO Capacity	p. 35
2.11 Influence of XPD on MIMO Capacity	p. 38
2.12 Keyhole Effect: Degenerate Channels	p. 39
2.13 Capacity of Frequency Selective MIMO Channels	p. 42
2.13.1 Channel Unknown to the Transmitter	p. 43
2.13.2 Channel Known to the Transmitter	p. 44
References	p. 45
Chapter 3 Channel Propagation, Fading, and Link Budget Analysis	p. 47
3.1 Introduction	p. 47
3.2 Radio Wave Propagation	p. 47
3.2.1 Reflection	p. 47
3.2.2 Diffraction	p. 48
3.2.3 Scattering	p. 48
3.3 Large-Scale Fading or Macroscopic Fading	p. 50
3.3.1 Free-Space Propagation Model	p. 50
3.3.2 Outdoor Propagation Models	p. 53
3.4 Small-Scale Fading	p. 57
3.4.1 Microscopic Fading	p. 58
3.5 Microscopic Fading Measurements	p. 65
3.5.1 Direct Pulse Measurements	p. 66
3.5.2 Spread-Spectrum Sliding Correlator Channel Sounding	p. 66
3.5.3 Frequency Domain Channel Sounding	p. 68
3.6 Antenna Diversity	p. 69
3.6.1 Diversity Combining Methods	p. 69
3.6.2 MIMO Channels	p. 73
References	p. 73
Chapter 4 Space-Time Block Coding	p. 75
4.1 Introduction	p. 75
4.2 Delay Diversity Scheme	p. 75
4.3 Alamouti Space-Time Code	p. 76
4.3.1 Maximum Likelihood Decoding	p. 78
4.3.2 Maximum Ratio Combining	p. 78
4.3.3 Transmit Diversity	p. 79
4.3.4 Summary of Alamouti's Scheme	p. 80
4.4 Space-Time Block Codes	p. 80
4.4.1 STBC for Real Signal Constellations	p. 82
4.4.2 STBC for Complex Signal Constellations	p. 84
4.5 Decoding of STBC	p. 86
4.6 Simulation Results	p. 88
4.7 Imperfect Channel Estimation: A Performance Analysis	p. 92
4.7.1 Least Squares Estimation	p. 93
4.7.2 Minimum Mean Squares Estimation	p. 94
4.7.3 Channel Estimation Algorithm Using the FFT Method	p. 95
4.8 Effect of Antenna Correlation on Performance	p. 97
4.9 Dominant Eigenmode Transmission	p. 98
4.10 Capacity of OSTBC Channels	p. 100
4.11 Simulation Exercises	p. 101
References	p. 101
Chapter 5 Space-Time Trellis Codes	p. 103
5.1 Introduction	p. 103
5.2 Space-Time Coded Systems	p. 103
5.3 Space-Time Code Word Design Criteria	p. 105
5.4 Design of Space-Time Trellis Codes on Slow Fading Channels	p. 107
5.4.1 Error Probability on Slow Fading Channels	p. 107
5.4.2 Design Criteria for Slow Rayleigh Fading STTCs	p. 109
5.4.3 Encoding/Decoding of STTCs for Quasi-Static Flat Fading Channels	p. 113
5.4.4 Code Construction for Quasi-Static Flat Fading Channels	p. 116
5.4.5 Example Using 4-PSK	p. 117
5.5 Design of Space-Time Trellis Codes on Fast Fading Channels	p. 121
5.5.1 Error Probability on Fast Fading Channels	p. 121
5.6 Performance Analysis in a Slow Fading Channel	p. 126
5.7 Performance Analysis in a Fast Fading Channel	p. 128
5.8 The Effect of Imperfect Channel Estimation on Code Performance	p. 128
5.9 Effect of Antenna Correlation on Performance	p. 130
5.10 Delay Diversity as an STTC	p. 130
5.11 Comparison of STBC and STTC	p. 131
5.12 Simulation Exercises	p. 134
References	p. 135
Chapter 6 Layered Space-Time Codes	p. 137
6.1 Introduction	p. 137
6.2 LST Transmitters: Types of Encoding	p. 137
6.2.1 Horizontal Encoding	p. 137
6.2.2 Vertical Encoding	p. 144
6.3 Layered Space-Time Coding: Design Criteria	p. 148
6.3.1 Performance Analysis of an HLST System	p. 149
6.3.2 Performance Analysis of a DLST System	p. 152
6.3.3 Code Design Criteria	p. 154
6.4 LST Receivers	p. 157
6.4.1 ML Receiver	p. 157
6.4.2 Zero-Forcing Receiver	p. 157
6.4.3 MMSE Receiver	p. 158
6.4.4 Successive Cancellation Receiver	p. 158
6.4.5 Zero Forcing V-BLAST Receiver	p. 159
6.4.6 MMSE V-BLAST Receiver	p. 159
6.4.7 Simulation Results	p. 160
6.4.8 Receivers for HLST and DLST Systems	p. 161
6.5 Iterative Receivers	p. 161
6.6 The Effect of Imperfect Channel Estimation on Code Performance	p. 162
6.7 Effect of Antenna Correlation on Performance	p. 162
6.8 Diversity Performance of SM Receivers	p. 162
6.9 Summary	p. 163
6.10 Simulation Exercises	p. 164
References	p. 164
Chapter 7 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing	p. 165
7.1 Introduction	p. 165
7.2 Basic Principles	p. 165
7.2.1 Data Transmission over Multipath Channels	p. 165
7.2.2 Single Carrier Approach	p. 165
7.2.3 Multicarrier Approach	p. 167
7.3 OFDM	p. 167
7.4 OFDM Generation	p. 168
7.5 Synchronization Issues	p. 171
7.5.1 Symbol Time and Frequency Carrier Offset Derivation	p. 171
7.6 Survey of Synchronization Techniques	p. 178
7.6.1 Symbol Synchronization	p. 178
7.7 Frequency Offset Estimation	p. 189
7.8 Carrier Synchronization	p. 190
7.8.1 Pilots	p. 191
7.8.2 Cyclic Prefix	p. 191
7.9 Sampling-Frequency Synchronization	p. 191
7.10 Performance Analysis of Synchronization Techniques	p. 192
7.10.1 Symbol Synchronization	p. 192
7.11 ML Estimation of Timing and Frequency Offset	p. 193
7.11.1 The Correlation Algorithm Using the Guard Interval	p. 194
7.12 Carrier Synchronization	p. 195
7.12.1 Pilots	p. 195
7.13 Sampling-Frequency Synchronization	p. 198
7.14 Observations	p. 198
7.15 Suggested Solution to the Synchronization Problem	p. 199
7.16 Channel Estimation	p. 200
7.17 Peak to Average Power Ratio	p. 200
7.17.1 Schemes for Reduction of PAPR	p. 201
7.18 Application to Packet Transmission Systems	p. 206
7.19 Conclusions	p. 206
7.20 Simulation Exercises	p. 207
References	p. 207
Chapter 8 IEEE 802.11a Packet Transmission System	p. 209
8.1 Introduction	p. 209
8.2 Background	p. 210
8.3 Wireless LAN Topology	p. 210
8.4 IEEE 802.11 Standard Family	p. 211
8.4.1 802.11	p. 211
8.4.2 802.11b	p. 211
8.4.3 802.11a	p. 212
8.4.4 Others	p. 212
8.5 WLAN Protocol Layer Architecture	p. 212
8.6 Medium Access Control	p. 213
8.6.1 IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer	p. 213
8.7 Physical Layer	p. 215
8.7.1 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum	p. 216
8.7.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum	p. 216
8.7.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and 5-GHz WLAN Physical Layer	p. 217
8.8 Synchronization and Packet Detection Algorithms	p. 224
8.8.1 Packet Detection	p. 224
8.8.2 Symbol Timing	p. 226
8.8.3 Sampling Clock Frequency Error	p. 227
8.8.4 Carrier Frequency Synchronization	p. 229
8.8.5 Carrier Phase Tracking	p. 232
8.9 Channel Estimation	p. 233
References	p. 234
Chapter 9 Space-Time Coding for Broadband Channel	p. 237
9.1 Introduction	p. 237
9.2 Performance of Space-Time Coding on Frequency-Selective Fading Channels	p. 237
9.3 Space-Time Coding in Wideband OFDM Systems	p. 239
9.4 Capacity of MIMO-OFDM Systems	p. 240
9.4.1 Assumptions	p. 242
9.4.2 Mutual Information	p. 244
9.4.3 Ergodic Capacity and Outage Capacity	p. 246
9.4.4 Influence of Channel and System Parameters on Capacity	p. 247
9.4.5 Simulations	p. 251
9.4.6 Summary	p. 254
9.5 Performance Analysis of MIMO-OFDM Systems	p. 254
9.5.1 Analysis	p. 260
9.6 CDMA-OFDM-MIMO	p. 260
9.6.1 Introduction	p. 260
9.6.2 Overall System Concept	p. 262
9.6.3 Comparison with MC-CDMA	p. 267
9.6.4 Interfacing with MIMO	p. 272
9.7 Simulation Exercises	p. 272
References	p. 272
Chapter 10 The Way Ahead	p. 275
10.1 Introduction	p. 275
10.2 MIMO Multiuser	p. 275
10.2.1 Capacity in the Uplink	p. 276
10.3 Linear Dispersion Coding	p. 280
10.3.1 Hassibi and Hochwald Method	p. 281
10.3.2 Method of Heath and Paulraj	p. 288
10.4 Conclusion	p. 292
References	p. 292
Appendix A Wideband Simulator: Description and Explanatory Notes	p. 295
A.1 Introduction	p. 295
A.2 Files Listing	p. 295
A.3 SISO Mode	p. 297
A.4 SIMO Mode	p. 300
A.5 MISO/MIMO Mode	p. 301
A.6 V-BLAST Mode	p. 302
Reference	p. 303
Appendix B Narrowband Simulator	p. 305
B.1 Introduction	p. 305
B.2 Description	p. 305
List of Acronyms	p. 307
List of Symbols	p. 311
About the Author	p. 313
Index	p. 315

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