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Cover image for Climate change and carbon markets : a handbook of emission reduction mechanisms
Title:
Climate change and carbon markets : a handbook of emission reduction mechanisms
Publication Information:
London ; Sterling, VA : Earthscan, 2005
Physical Description:
xliii, 430 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.
ISBN:
9781844071630
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30000010254211 QC981.8.C5 C51 2005 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

Climate change is an environmental problem of unprecedented complexity, not just in terms of its physical, social, economic and political impacts, but particularly in terms of the range of policy instruments being designed by countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Climate Change and Carbon Markets aims to provide an accessible and practical guide to cutting edge market-based mechanisms which will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This book is a guide for national and international policy-makers and industry professionals, who need to understand the carbon markets established pursuant to the Kyoto Protocol, one of the most complex agreements ever negotiated. The book sets out how carbon markets will function by explaining the rules, institutions and procedures of the Kyoto mechanisms, including: emissions trading, joint implementation (JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It also provides an in-depth explanation of the EU Emissions Allowance Trading Scheme, emerging mechanisms in the US and developing countries, and how these will link up.For policy-makers, researchers and scholars; industry practitioners, companies, market service providers, technical and legal consultants, NGOs and all stakeholder organizations engaged in the Kyoto markets, this is the authoritative and comprehensive practical guide to this rapidly evolving area.Contains the full text of the key European Union documents setting up the EU Emissions Allowance Trading Scheme and the Linking Directive.


Author Notes

Farhana Yamin is a Fellow in Environment at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex in the UK. She is an international lawyer specializing in climate change law and policy. She is a lead author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, former Legal Advisor to AOSIS and consultant to the European Commission on the EU Emissions Allowance Trading Directive. Her other publications include The International Climate Regime: A Guide to Rules, Institutions and Procedures.


Table of Contents

Farhana YaminFarhana YaminJurgen LefevereRichard Baron and Michel ColombierOdile BlanchardFiona MullinsJason Anderson and Rob BradleyMartijn WilderMark KenberAxel MichaelowaAxel MichaelowaErik Haites
List of abbreviationsp. ix
List of figures, tables and boxesp. xiv
Forewordp. xvii
Preface and acknowledgementsp. xxi
About the contributorsp. xxv
Introductionp. xxix
Purposep. xxix
Structure of bookp. xxxii
The nature of the climate change problemp. xxxvi
An overview of the UNFCCCp. xxxvii
An overview of the Kyoto Protocolp. xxxix
An overview of the Kyoto mechanismsp. xli
Part I The international rules on the Kyoto mechanismsp. 1
I.1 Introductionp. 1
I.2 Activities implemented jointlyp. 11
I.3 Cross-cutting mechanism issuesp. 15
I.4 Participation/eligibility requirementsp. 19
I.5 Emissions tradingp. 26
I.6 Clean Development Mechanismp. 29
I.7 Joint Implementation (Article 6)p. 53
I.8 Compliance procedures and mechanisms under the Protocolp. 61
Notesp. 67
Referencesp. 73
Part II The EU Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading Schemep. 75
II.1 Introductionp. 75
II.2 The EU burden-sharing agreementp. 77
II.3 EU environmental policy: from command and control towards market-based mechanismsp. 81
II.4 The concept of emissions tradingp. 86
II.5 The ethical dimension of emissions tradingp. 92
II.6 The development of emissions allowance trading in the EUp. 95
II.7 Core elements of the ET Directivep. 101
II.8 The ET Directive and the Kyoto project-based mechanismsp. 126
II.9 Conclusionp. 139
Notesp. 139
Referencesp. 148
Part III Development and implementation of the Kyoto mechanisms worldwidep. 151
Chapter 1 Emissions trading under the Kyoto Protocol: how far from the ideal?p. 153
1.1 Introduction and scopep. 153
1.2 Emissions trading: focusing on economic efficiencyp. 154
1.3 Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol: throwing governments into the cost-minimization gamep. 157
1.4 The EU Emission Allowance Trading Scheme: a step closer to the ideal?p. 160
1.5 Conclusionp. 163
Notesp. 164
Referencesp. 164
Chapter 2 Trading through the flexibility mechanisms: quantifying the size of the Kyoto marketsp. 166
2.1 Methodology and assumptionsp. 167
2.2 Characteristics of the five casesp. 169
2.3 Analysis of the market features of the five casesp. 171
2.4 Conclusionp. 180
Notesp. 181
Referencesp. 182
Chapter 3 Implementation challenges: insights from the EU Emission Allowance Trading Schemep. 183
3.1 Introductionp. 183
3.2 National Allocation Plansp. 184
3.3 Permitting proceduresp. 196
3.4 Monitoring and verificationp. 197
3.5 Registriesp. 197
3.6 Conclusionsp. 198
Notesp. 199
Chapter 4 Joint Implementation and emissions trading in Central andd Eastern Europep. 200
4.1 Overviewp. 200
4.2 Interest in Joint Implementation and emissions trading in EITsp. 200
4.3 CEE, international emissions trading and 'hot air'p. 203
4.4 The preference for domestic actionp. 205
4.5 AIJ in CEE: early experience with projectsp. 210
4.6 Mechanism participation requirements and CEEsp. 213
4.7 Early 'JI' experiencesp. 215
4.8 The future potential of JIp. 218
4.9 European emission trading in Central and Eastern Europep. 222
Notesp. 229
Referencesp. 229
Chapter 5 Implementing the Clean Development Mechanism and emissions trading beyond Europep. 231
5.1 Introductionp. 231
5.2 Emissions trading (Article 17)p. 232
5.3 Joint Implementation (Article 6)p. 244
5.4 The Clean Development Mechanism (Article 12)p. 246
5.5 International development agenciesp. 259
5.6 Other emissions trading activitiesp. 259
5.7 Conclusionp. 261
Notesp. 261
Chapter 6 The Clean Development Mechanism: a tool for promoting long-term climate protection and sustainable development?p. 263
6.1 Introductionp. 263
6.2 Assessing the CDM's contribution to sustainable developmentp. 265
6.3 Tools to assess CDM project eligibility and sustainabilityp. 269
6.4 Evolution of the CDM marketp. 278
6.5 Future issues and optionsp. 284
Notesp. 287
Referencesp. 288
Chapter 7 Determination of baselines and additionality for the CDM: a crucial element of credibility of the climate regimep. 289
7.1 Introductionp. 289
7.2 Baseline determinationp. 290
7.3 Why baseline and additionality determination are not the samep. 296
7.4 Conclusionsp. 302
Notesp. 303
Referencesp. 303
Chapter 8 Creating the foundations for host country participation in the CDM: experiences and challenges in CDM capacity buildingp. 305
8.1 Introductionp. 305
8.2 Capacity requirements to successfully implement the CDMp. 306
8.3 Donor activitiesp. 310
8.4 Challengesp. 317
8.5 Conclusionsp. 319
Notesp. 320
Referencesp. 320
Part IV Conclusion: Mechanisms, linkages and the direction of the future climate regimep. 321
IV.1 Domestic GHG trading programmesp. 321
IV.2 Links among domestic GHG emissions trading programmesp. 328
IV.3 Direction of the future climate change regimep. 334
Notesp. 342
Referencesp. 346
Appendices
1 Documents related to the EU emission allowance trading Schemep. 353
2 EU Emission Allowance Trading Scheme Directivep. 355
3 EU Directive 2004/101/ECp. 371
4 EU Guidelines on Allocations of Allowancesp. 383
Indexp. 413
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