Plasma discharge in liquid : water treatment and applications

Title:

Personal Author:

Yang, Yong.

Publication Information:

Boca Raton : Taylor and Francis, 2012.

Physical Description:

xii, 189 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9781439866238

Subject Term:

Water -- Purification.

Ionization of gases.

Plasma dynamics.

Added Author:

Cho, Young L.

Plasma methods that effectively combine ultraviolet radiation, active chemicals, and high electric fields offer an alternative to conventional water treatment methods. However, knowledge of the electric breakdown of liquids has not kept pace with this increasing interest, mostly due to the complexity of phenomena related to the plasma breakdown process. Plasma Discharge in Liquid: Water Treatment and Applications provides engineers and scientists with a fundamental understanding of the physical and chemical phenomena associated with plasma discharges in liquids, particularly in water. It also examines state-of-the-art plasma-assisted water treatment technologies.

The Physics & Applications of Underwater Plasma Discharges

The first part of the book describes the physical mechanism of pulsed electric breakdown in water and other liquids. It looks at how plasma is generated in liquids and discusses the electronic and bubble mechanism theories for how the electric discharge in liquid is initiated. The second part of the book focuses on various water treatment applications, including:

Decontamination of volatile organic compounds and remediation of contaminated water Microorganism sterilization and other biological applications Cooling water treatment

Drawing extensively on recent research, this one-stop reference combines the physics and applications of electric breakdown in liquids in a single volume. It offers a valuable resource for scientists, engineers, and students interested in the topic of plasmas in liquids.

Author Notes

Dr. Young I. Cho has been a professor at Drexel University in Philadelphia since 1985. Prior to joining Drexel University, he spent four years at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, as a member of the technical staff. His research interest includes fouling prevention in heat exchangers, physical water treatment using electromagnetic fields, hemorheology, and energy. Currently, he is developing methods of applying low-temperature plasma technology to prevent mineral and biofouling problems in cooling water.

Dr. Alexander Fridman is Nyheim Chair Professor at Drexel University, Philadelphia, and director of the A. J. Drexel Plasma Institute. He develops novel plasma approaches to material treatment, fuel conversion, hydrogen production, aerospace engineering, biology, and environmental control. Recently, significant efforts of Dr. Fridman and his group have been directed to development of plasma medicine, which is a revolutionary breakthrough area of research focused on direct plasma interaction with living tissues and direct plasma application for wound treatment, skin sterilization, blood coagulation, and treatment of different diseases, not previously effectively treated.

Dr. Yong Yang has been an associate professor at the College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) in Wuhan, China, since 2011. Prior to joining HUST, he spent five years at Drexel Plasma Institute, Drexel University, pursuing his PhD degree. His research interests include low-temperature plasma discharges in liquid and atmospheric gas and their applications in environmental, medical, and energy-related fields.

Preface	p. ix
About the Authors	p. xi
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Background	p. 1
1.2 Plasma Generation in Nature and in the Laboratory	p. 1
1.3 Needs for Plasma Water Treatment	p. 4
1.4 Conventional Water Treatment Technologies	p. 6
1.4.1 Chlorination	p. 6
1.4.2 In-Line Filters	p. 7
1.4.3 Pulsed Electric Field	p. 7
1.4.4 Ultraviolet Radiation	p. 7
1.4.5 Ozonation	p. 8
1.5 Plasma in Liquids	p. 10
1.5.1 Mechanisms of Plasma Discharges in Liquids	p. 12
1.5.2 Application of Plasma Discharges in Water	p. 13
2 Generation of Plasma in Liquid	p. 15
2.1 Introduction	p. 15
2.2 Partial and Full Discharges in Liquid	p. 15
2.2.1 Thermal Breakdown Mechanism	p. 16
2.2.2 Production of Reactive Species, UV, and Shock Wave by Electrical Discharges in Liquid	p. 21
2.3 Underwater Plasma Sources	p. 24
2.3.1 Direct Discharges in Liquid	p. 24
2.3.2 Bubble Discharges in Liquid	p. 29
3 Bubble and Electronic Initiation Mechanism	p. 33
3.1 Introduction	p. 33
3.2 Electrical Breakdown in Gas Phase	p. 33
3.2.1 The Townsend Breakdown Mechanism	p. 33
3.2.2 Spark Breakdown Mechanism	p. 37
3.3 Electron Avalanche for Electrical Breakdown in Liquid Phase	p. 40
3.3.1 Dense Gas Approximation	p. 41
3.3.2 Semiconductor Approximation	p. 42
3.4 "Bubble Theory" for Electric Breakdown in Liquid	p. 44
3.4.1 Bubble Formation: Interface Processes	p. 44
3.4.2 Bubble Formation: Joule Heating	p. 46
3.4.3 Bubble Formation: Preexisting Bubbles	p. 46
3.5 Streamer Propagation	p. 47
3.5.1 Electrostatic Model	p. 47
3.5.2 Thermal Mechanism	p. 53
3.6 Stability Analysis of the Streamers	p. 57
3.6.1 Electrostatic Pressure	p. 58
3.6.2 Surface Tension	p. 59
3.6.3 Hydrodynamic Pressure	p. 60
3.7 Nanosecond and Subnanosecond Discharge in Water	p. 62
3.7.1 Fast Imaging of Nanosecond and Subnanosecond Discharge in Water	p. 62
3.7.2 Ionization of Liquid by E-Impact	p. 66
3.7.3 Chance of Voids Formation	p. 68
4 Decontamination of Volatile Organic Compounds	p. 71
4.1 Introduction	p. 71
4.2 Conventional Technologies	p. 72
4.3 Mechanism of Plasma Treatment of VOCs	p. 74
4.4 Decomposition of Methanol and Ethanol	p. 75
4.5 Decomposition of Aromatic Compounds	p. 78
4.6 Decomposition of Chlorine-Containing Compounds	p. 80
4.7 Decoloration of Dyes in Wastewater	p. 83
4.8 Decomposition of Freons (Chlorofluorocarbons)	p. 85
4.9 Clearting of SO 2 with Nonthermal Plasma	p. 86
4.9.1 Acidic Water Case (pH	p. 87
4.9.2 Neutral and Basic Water Cases (pH > 6.5)	p. 88
5 Biological Applications	p. 91
5.1 Plasma Water Sterilization	p. 91
5.1.1 Previous Studies of Plasma Water Sterilization	p. 91
5.1.2 New Developments in Plasma Water Sterilization	p. 93
5.1.2.1 Point-to-Plane Electrode Configuration	p. 93
5.1.2.2 Magnetic Gliding Arc Configuration	p. 96
5.1.2.3 Elongated Spark Configuration	p. 99
5.1.3 Plasma Species and Factors for Sterilization	p. 100
5.1.4 Comparison of Different Plasma Discharges for Water Sterilization	p. 104
5.2 Blood Treatment Using Nonthermal Plasma	p. 105
5.2.1 In Vitro Blood Coagulation Using Nonthermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma	p. 106
5.2.2 In Vivo Blood Coagulation Using DBD Plasma	p. 107
5.2.3 Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation Using Nonthermal Plasma	p. 108
6 Cooling Water Treatment Using Plasma	p. 111
6.1 Introduction	p. 111
6.2 Self-Cleaning Filtration Technology with Spark Discharge	p. 114
6.3 Calcium Carbonate Precipitation with Spark Discharge	p. 119
6.3.1 Effect of Plasma on Cooling Water	p. 123
6.3.2 Effect of Spray Circulation on Hardness of Cooling Water	p. 132
6.3.3 Mechanism of Plasma-Induced Calcium Precipitation	p. 132
6.3.3.1 Effect of Electrolysis	p. 132
6.3.3.2 Effect of UV Radiation	p. 134
6.3.3.3 Effect of Reactive Species	p. 135
6.3.3.4 Effect of Microheating	p. 136
6.3.3.5 Nonthermal Effect of Plasma	p. 139
6.3.3.6 Discussions of Calcium Precipitation with Plasma	p. 143
6.3.4 Economic Analysis of Plasma Water Treatment	p. 144
6.4 Application for Mineral Fouling Mitigation in Heat Exchangers	p. 145
6.4.1 Fouling Resistance: Validation Study	p. 148
6.4.2 Visualization of the Calcium Carbonate Particles	p. 154
6.4.3 Cycle of Concentration	p. 158
References	p. 161
Index	p. 177

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Author Notes

Table of Contents