Chemistry of ozone in water and wastewater treatment : from basic principles to applications

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010302780	TD461 S66 2012	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... Razak School	30000010285344	TD461 S66 2012	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Even though ozone has been applied for a long time for disinfection and oxidation in water treatment, there is lack of critical information related to transformation of organic compounds. This has become more important in recent years, because there is considerable concern about the formation of potentially harmful degradation products as well as oxidation products from the reaction with the matrix components. In recent years, a wealth of information on the products that are formed has accumulated, and substantial progress in understanding mechanistic details of ozone reactions in aqueous solution has been made. Based on the latter, this may allow us to predict the products of as yet not studied systems and assist in evaluating toxic potentials in case certain classes are known to show such effects.
Keeping this in mind, Chemistry of Ozone in Water and Wastewater Treatment: From Basic Principles to Applications discusses mechanistic details of ozone reactions as much as they are known to date and applies them to the large body of studies on micropollutant degradation (such as pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors) that is already available. Extensively quoting the literature and updating the available compilation of ozone rate constants gives the reader a text at hand on which his research can be based. Moreover, those that are responsible for planning or operation of ozonation steps in drinking water and wastewater treatment plants will find salient information in a compact form that otherwise is quite disperse. A critical compilation of rate constants for the various classes of compounds is given in each chapter, including all the recent publications.
This is a very useful source of information for researchers and practitioners who need kinetic information on emerging contaminants. Furthermore, each chapter contains a large selection of examples of reaction mechanisms for the transformation of micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fuel additives, solvents, taste and odor compounds, cyanotoxins.
Authors: Prof. Dr. Clemens von Sonntag, Max-Planck-Institut für Bioanorganische Chemie, Mülheim an der Ruhr, and Instrumentelle Analytische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany and Prof. Dr. Urs von Gunten, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, and Ecole Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

About the Authors	p. xi
Chapter 1 Historical background and scope of the book	p. 1
Chapter 2 Physical and chemical properties of ozone	p. 7
2.1 Introductory Remarks	p. 7
2.2 Generation of Ozone	p. 8
2.3 Ozone Solubility in Water	p. 9
2.4 UV-VIS Spectrum of Ozone	p. 10
2.5 Determination of the Ozone Concentration	p. 12
2.5.1 The N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) method	p. 12
2.5.2 The indigo method	p. 13
2.6 Methods for Measuring Ozone Kinetics	p. 14
2.6.1 Ozone decay measurements	p. 15
2.6.2 Quenching of ozone with buten-3-ol	p. 16
2.6.3 Reactive absorption	p. 16
2.6.4 Competition kinetics	p. 17
2.7 Reduction Potentials of Ozone and Other Oxygen Species	p. 18
2.8 Stability of Ozone Solutions	p. 19
2.9 Reactivity of Ozone	p. 19
2.9.1 pH dependence of ozone reactions and the "reactivity pK"	p. 20
2.9.2 Multiple reaction sites within one molecule	p. 21
Chapter 3 Ozone kinetics in drinking water and wastewater	p. 23
3.1 Stability of Ozone in Various Water Sources	p. 23
3.2 Molecular Weight Distribution of Dissolved Organic Matter	p. 31
3.3 Mineralisation and Chemical Oxygen Demand	p. 33
3.4 Formation of Assimilable Organic Carbon	p. 33
3.5 Formation and Mitigation of Disinfection By-products	p. 35
3.6 UV Absorbance of Dissolved Organic Matter	p. 36
3.7 Relevance of Ozone Kinetics for the Elimination of Micropollutants	p. 37
3.8 Hydroxyl Radical Yield and OH-Scavenging Rate of Dissolved Organic Matter	p. 39
3.9 Elimination of Ozone-Refractory Micropollutants by the *OH Route	p. 40
3.10 Ozone-based Advanced Oxidation Processes	p. 42
3.10.1 Peroxone process	p. 42
3.10.2 UV photolysis of ozone	p. 45
3.10.3 Reaction of ozone with activated carbon	p. 46
Chapter 4 Inactivation of micro-organisms and toxicological assessment of ozone-induced products of micropollutants	p. 49
4.1 Disinfection Kinetics	p. 49
4.2 Inactivation Mechanisms: Role of Membranes and DNA	p. 52
4.3 Reactions with Nucleic Acid Components	p. 53
4.4 Reaction with DNA	p. 54
4.5 Application of Ozone for Disinfection in Drinking Water and Wastewater	p. 55
4.6 Toxicological Assessment of Ozone Induced Transformation Products	p. 55
4.7 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds	p. 56
4.7.1 Laboratory studies	p. 58
4.7.2 Full-scale studies	p. 59
4.8 Antimicrobial Compounds	p. 60
4.9 Toxicity	p. 62
Chapter 5 Integration of ozonation in drinking water and wastewater process trains	p. 65
5.1 Historical Aspects	p. 65
5.1.1 Drinking water	p. 65
5.1.2 Municipal wastewater	p. 65
5.2 Drinking Water Treatment Schemes Including Ozonation	p. 66
5.3 Micropollutants in Water Resources, Drinking Water and Wastewater	p. 70
5.4 Enhanced Wastewater Treatment with Ozone	p. 72
5.5 Energy Requirements for Micropollutant Transformation in Drinking Water and Wastewater	p. 73
5.6 Source Control	p. 74
5.7 Reclamation of Wastewater	p. 75
5.8 Comparison of the Application of Ozone in the Urban Water Cycle	p. 77
Chapter 6 Olefins	p. 81
6.1 Reactivity of Olefins	p. 81
6.2 The Criegee Mechanism	p. 84
6.3 Partial Oxidation	p. 87
6.4 Decay of the Ozonide via Free Radicals	p. 88
6.5 Detection of ¿-Hydroxyalkylhydroperoxides	p. 88
6.6 Ozone Reactions of Olefins-Products and Reactions of Reactive Intermediates	p. 89
6.6.1 Methyl- and halogen-substituted olefins	p. 89
6.6.2 Acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, diethyl vinylphosphonate, vinyl phenyl sulfonate, vinylsulfonic acid and vinylene carbonate	p. 91
6.6.3 Acrylic, methacrylic, fumaric, maleic and muconic acids	p. 92
6.6.4 Muconic acids	p. 96
6.6.5 Cinnamic acids	p. 98
6.6.6 Dichloromaleic acid	p. 99
6.6.7 Pyrimidine nucleobases	p. 99
6.7 Micropollutants with Olefinic Functions	p. 102
Chapter 7 Aromatic compounds	p. 109
7.1 Reactivity of Aromatic Compounds	p. 109
7.2 Decay of Ozone Adducts	p. 116
7.3 Ozone Reactions of Aromatic Compounds - Products and Reactions of Reactive Intermediates	p. 118
7.3.1 Methoxylated benzenes	p. 118
7.3.2 Phenols	p. 121
7.4 Micropollutants with Aromatic Functions	p. 124
Chapter 8 Nitrogen-containing compounds	p. 131
8.1 Reactivity of Nitrogen-containing Compounds	p. 131
8.2 General Mechanistic Considerations	p. 138
8.2.1 Aliphatic amines	p. 138
8.2.2 Aromatic amines (anilines)	p. 143
8.2.3 Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds	p. 145
8.3 Micropollutants with Nitrogen-containing Functions	p. 146
8.3.1 The N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) puzzle	p. 156
Chapter 9 Reactions of sulfur-containing compounds	p. 161
9.1 Reactivity of Sulfur-containing Compounds	p. 161
9.2 Thiols	p. 162
9.3 Sulfides, Disulfides and Sulfinic Acids	p. 163
9.4 Sulfoxides	p. 165
9.5 Micropollutants Containing an Ozone-reactive Sulfur	p. 166
Chapter 10 Compounds with C-H functions as Ozone-reactive sites	p. 169
10.1 Reactivity of Compounds with C-H Functions as Ozone-reactive Sites	p. 169
10.2 General Mechanistic Considerations	p. 171
10.3 Formate Ion	p. 173
10.4 2-Methyl-2-Propanol (Tertiary Butanol)	p. 175
10.5 2-Propanol	p. 176
10.6 Carbohydrates	p. 180
10.7 Dihydrogen Trioxide - Properties of a Short-lived Intermediate	p. 182
10.8 Saturated Micropollutants Lacking Ozone-reactive Heteroatoms	p. 184
Chapter 11 Inorganic anions and the peroxone process	p. 185
11.1 Introductory Remarks	p. 185
11.2 Hydroxide Ion	p. 187
11.3 Hydroperoxide Ion - Peroxone Process	p. 188
11.4 Fluoride	p. 189
11.5 Chloride	p. 190
11.6 Hypochlorite	p. 191
11.7 Chlorite	p. 192
11.8 Bromide	p. 192
11.9 Hypobromite	p. 193
11.10 Bromite	p. 194
11.11 Iodide	p. 194
11.12 Nitrite	p. 195
11.13 Azide	p. 196
11.14 Hydrogen Sulfide	p. 197
11.15 Hydrogen Sulfite	p. 198
11.16 Bromate Formation and Mitigation in Water Treatment	p. 198
11.17 Bromide-catalysed Reactions	p. 201
11.18 Mitigation of Iodide-related Problems	p. 202
Chapter 12 Reactions with metal ions	p. 205
12.1 Reactivity of Metal Ions	p. 205
12.2 Arsenic	p. 206
12.3 Cobalt	p. 207
12.4 Copper	p. 207
12.5 Iron	p. 207
12.6 Lead	p. 208
12.7 Manganese	p. 208
12.8 Selenium	p. 209
12.9 Silver	p. 209
12.10 Tin	p. 211
12.11 Metal Ions as Micropollutants	p. 211
Chapter 13 Reactions with free radicals	p. 213
13.1 Reactivity of Radicals	p. 213
13.2 Ozone Reactions with Reducing Radicals	p. 214
13.3 Ozone Reactions with Carbon-centered Radicals	p. 215
13.4 Ozone Reactions with Oxygen-centered Radicals	p. 217
13.5 Ozone Reactions with Nitrogen-and Sulfur-centred Radicals	p. 219
13.6 Ozone Reactions with Halogen-centred Radicals	p. 220
Chapter 14 Reactions of hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals	p. 225
14.1 Introductory Remarks	p. 225
14.2 Hydroxyl Radical Reactions	p. 225
14.2.1 Addition reactions	p. 225
14.2.2 H-abstraction reactions	p. 227
14.2.3 Electron transfer reactions	p. 228
14.3 Determination of *OH Rate Constants	p. 229
14.4 Detection of *OH in Ozone Reactions	p. 230
14.5 Determination of *OH Yields in Ozone Reactions	p. 232
14.6 Formation of Peroxyl Radicals	p. 233
14.7 Redox Properties of Peroxyl Radicals and Reaction with Ozone	p. 233
14.8 Unimolecular Decay of Peroxyl Radicals	p. 234
14.9 Bimolecular Decay of Peroxyl Radicals	p. 235
14.10 Reactions of Oxyl Radicals	p. 236
14.11 Involvement of *OH Radicals in Chlorate and Bromate Formation	p. 237
14.11.1 Chlorate formation	p. 237
14.11.2 Bromate formation	p. 238
14.12 Degradation of Ozone-refractory Micropollutants by *OH/Peroxyl Radicals	p. 241
14.12.1 Saturated aliphatic compounds	p. 241
14.12.2 Aromatic compounds	p. 243
14.12.3 Chlorinated olefins	p. 245
14.12.4 Perfluorinated compounds	p. 248
References	p. 249
Index	p. 287

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