Antennas and propagation for body-centric wireless communications

Now in a newly updated and revised edition, this timely resource provides you with complete and current details on the theory, design, and applications of wireless antennas for on-body electronic systems. The Second Edition offers readers brand new material on advances in physical phantom design and production, recent developments in simulation methods and numerical phantoms, descriptions of methods for simulation of moving bodies, and the use of the body as a transmission channel. You also find a completely revised chapter on channel characterization and antenna design at microwave frequencies. This cutting-edge volume brings you the state-of-the-art in existing applications like Bluetooth headsets together with detailed treatment of techniques, tools, and challenges in developing on-body antennas for an array of medical, emergency response, law enforcement, personal entertainment, and military applications on the horizon. The book briefs you on energy propagation around and into the body and how to estimate performance of on-body wireless links, and then dives into the nuts-and-bolts of designing antenna systems that deliver the goods. It covers on-body communication channels at microwave frequency bands and at low frequency bands, as well as ultra wideband systems for WPANs and WBANs. You get details on body-centric UWB antennas and channels, as well as advances in wearable mobile, EBG, and smart fabricù antennas for cellular and WLAN communications. Chapters on telemedicine applications, such as remote diagnoses, and implantable medical devices cover crucial propagation issues and other obstacles that need to be addressed. Rounding out the coverage is a section on antenna design for body-sensor networks and their emerging military and space applications. Packed with hands-on guidance from noted experts, this volume will be indispensable for your efforts in designing and improving body-centric communication systems.

Author Notes

Peter S. Hall is a professor of communications engineering, leader of the Antennas and Applied Electromagnetic Laboratory, and head of the Devices and Systems Research Centre at The University of Birmingham. He has authored five books and over 350 papers in the areas of microwave antennas and associated components and antenna measurements, and holds numerous patents in the field. He received his Ph.D. in antenna measurements from Sheffield University.
Yang Hao is a professor of antennas and electromagnetics in the Antenna Engineering Group at Queen Mary College, University of London. He has published several papers in areas including computational electromagnetics, electromagnetic bandgap structures and microwave metamaterials, antennas and radio propagation for body-centric wireless networks, active antennas for millimeter/submillimeter applications, and photonic integrated antennas. He earned his Ph.D. at the Centre for Communications Research (CCR) at the University of Bristol.

Foreword	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Body-Centric Wireless Communications	p. 1
1.1 What are Body-Centric Communications Systems?	p. 1
1.1.1 Off-to On-Body Communications	p. 5
1.1.2 On-Body Communications	p. 6
1.1.3 Medical Implants and Sensor Networks	p. 6
1.2 Overview of Systems	p. 8
1.2.1 Narrowband Systems	p. 8
1.2.2 Wideband Systems	p. 10
1.3 Overview of Applications	p. 11
1.4 New Trends and Progress Since the First Edition	p. 11
1.4.1 Propagation Characterization and Control	p. 11
1.4.2 Measurement Methods	p. 12
1.4.3 Antenna De-embedding	p. 12
1.4.4 Materials	p. 13
1.4.5 Modeling of Body Dynamics	p. 13
1.4.6 Standardization	p. 14
1.5 Layout of the Book	p. 15
References	p. 15
Chapter 2 Electromagnetic Properties and Modeling of the Human Body	p. 17
2.1 Electromagnetic Characteristics of Human Tissues	p. 17
2.2 Physical Body Phantoms	p. 18
2.2.1 Liquid Phantoms	p. 21
2.2.2 Semisolid (GeI) Phantoms	p. 22
2.2.3 Solid (Dry) Phantoms	p. 22
2.2.4 Examples of Physical Phantoms	p. 23
2.3 Numerical Phantoms	p. 27
2.3.1 Theoretical Phantoms	p. 27
2.3.2 Voxel Phantoms	p. 28
2.4 Numerical Modeling Techniques for Antennas and Propogation	p. 29
2.4.1 Introduction of Numerical Techniques for Body-Centric Wireless Communications	p. 29
2.4.2 On-Body Radio Channel Modeling	p. 36
2.5 Modeling of Dynamic Body Effects	p. 50
2.5.1 Methodology	p. 50
2.5.2 Measurements and Model Validation	p. 52
References	p. 56
Chapter 3 Antenna Design and Channel Characterization for On-Body Communications at Microwave Frequencies	p. 63
3.1 Introduction	p. 63
3.2 Measurement Methods	p. 64
3.2.1 Connection Between Antenna and Measuring Instruments	p. 65
3.2.2 Antenna De-embedding	p. 67
3.3 Body-Centric Channel Measurement and Modeling	p. 71
3.3.1 Path Gain	p. 71
3.3.2 Channel Statistics	p. 76
3.3.3 Channel Polarization Effects	p. 84
3.4 Antenna Design	p. 87
3.4.1 Performance Comparison	p. 87
3.4.2 Antenna-to-Surface Wave Coupling	p. 93
3.4.3 Antenna Match and Efficiency	p. 101
3.5 Multiple Antenna Systems	p. 103
3.5.1 Antenna Diversity	p. 103
3.5.2 MIMO	p. 104
3.5.3 Interference Cancellation	p. 105
3.6 Systems Modeling	p. 105
3.7 Conclusions	p. 106
References	p. 107
Chapter 4 Wearable Devices Using the Human Body as a Transmission Channel	p. 113
4.1 Introduction of Communications Using Circuits in Direct Contact with the Human Body	p. 113
4.2 Numerical Analysis of Communication Devices Using Low Frequencies	p. 120
4.2.1 Whole Body Models	p. 120
4.2.2 Arm Models Wearing the Transmitter	p. 122
4.2.3 Effective Electrode Structure	p. 123
4.3 Experiments Using Human Phantoms	p. 125
4.3.1 Model for Assessments	p. 125
4.3.2 Electric Field Distributions In and Around the Arm	p. 126
4.3.3 Received Signal Voltage of the Receiver	p. 128
4.4 Investigation of the Dominant Signal Transmission Path	p. 131
4.4.1 Calculation Model	p. 131
4.4.2 Electric Field Distributions and Received Signal Voltages	p. 134
4.5 Conclusions	p. 135
References	p. 136
Chapter 5 Ultrawideband Technology for Body-Centric Wireless Communications	p. 139
5.1 Overview	p. 139
5.2 UWB Antennas for Body-Centric Wireless Communication	p. 140
5.2.1 Design and Analysis	p. 141
5.2.2 Measurements	p. 158
5.2.3 Concluding Remarks	p. 160
5.3 Channel Simulation and Measurement Methodology	p. 161
5.3.1 Simulation of the Radio Propagation in Body-Centric Communication Scenarios	p. 161
5.3.2 Measurement of the Radio Propagation in Body-Centric Communication Scenarios	p. 162
5.3.3 Concluding Remarks	p. 172
5.4 Channel Characterization and Modeling	p. 173
5.4.1 General Aspects	p. 173
5.4.2 Personal Area Network Scenarios	p. 175
5.4.3 Body Area Network Scenarios	p. 180
5.4.4 UWB Multiband-OFDM Based System Modeling and Performance Evaluation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications	p. 195
5.6 Concluding Remarks	p. 202
References	p. 204
Chapter 6 Wearable Antennas: Advances in the Design, Characterization, and Application	p. 209
6.1 Introduction	p. 209
6.2 Review of the Literature	p. 211
6.2.1 Antenna Types	p. 211
6.2.2 Body Placement, Bending, and Crumpling	p. 216
6.2.3 Fabric Material Properties and Antenna Manufacture Methods	p. 216
6.3 Wearable Antennas: Critical Design Issues	p. 218
6.4 Textile Materials	p. 219
6.5 Effects of Substrate Materials: An Example of Fabric GPS Antenna	p. 222
6.5.1 Effects of Ground Plane Size Attached to the Fabric Substrate on GPS Antenna Performance	p. 224
6.6 Effect on Various Conductive Materials of Patch Antennas: An Example of WLAN Antenna on Fleece Fabric	p. 228
6.7 Dual Frequency Wearable Antenna Design: An Example of a U-Slot Patch	p. 233
6.8 Wearable Electromagnetic Bang Gap Antenna (WEBGA): An Example of WLAN Antenna	p. 237
6.8.1 Remarks on Antenna Bending	p. 239
6.9 Wearable Antennas Near the Human Body: An Example of a WLAN Antenna	p. 244
6.9.1 Models and Methods	p. 246
6.9.2 Results	p. 247
6.10 Wearable Antenna Environmental Performance Issues	p. 250
6.10.1 The Effect of Ice, Water, and Snow on Wearable Antenna Performance	p. 252
6.10.2 Example of Environmental Test During an Iridium Phone Call	p. 255
6.10.3 Destructive Antenna Tests	p. 256
6.11 Conclusions	p. 261
Acknowledgments	p. 262
References	p. 263
Chapter 7 Body-Sensor Networks for Space and Military Applications	p. 271
7.1 Introduction	p. 271
7.2 Biosensor System and Basics of Biomedical RF Telemetry	p. 272
7.2.1 Implantable Pressure Sensor	p. 273
7.2.2 Integrated Inductor/Antenna	p. 273
7.2.3 External Pick-Up Antenna	p. 275
7.3 Antenna Design for Body Sensors	p. 275
7.3.1 Implantable Antennas	p. 276
7.3.2 Antennas for External Handheld Devices	p. 285
7.4 Space, Military, and Civilian Applications	p. 289
7.4.1 Sensors for Space Environment	p. 289
7.4.2 Battlefield Sensors	p. 290
7.4.3 Sensors in Hospitals and Smart Homes	p. 290
References	p. 290
Chapter 8 Antennas and Propagation for Telemedicine and Telecare: On-Body Systems	p. 293
8.1 Telemedicine and Telecare Applications	p. 293
8.1.1 Physiological Signals for Patient Monitoring	p. 295
8.1.2 Technologies for Ward-Based Systems	p. 296
8.1.3 Technologies for Home-Based and Full Mobility Systems	p. 297
8.1.4 Emerging Technologies and Novel Applications	p. 297
8.1.5 Wireless Telemedicine Link Design	p. 298
8.2 Antennas and Human Body Interaction in Personal Telemedicine	p. 300
8.2.1 Antenna-Body Effects (	p. 303
8.2.2 Antenna-Body Effects (> 1 GHz)	p. 307
8.2.3 Emerging Antennas	p. 310
8.3 System Design Issues	p. 314
8.3.1 Channel Effects	p. 314
8.3.2 Radio Frequency Interference and Inter-Ban Interference	p. 318
8.4 Conclusion	p. 319
References	p. 320
Chapter 9 Medical Implant Communication Systems	p. 325
9.1 Introduction	p. 325
9.1.1 Inductive Coupling	p. 326
9.1.2 MICS Standard	p. 327
9.1.3 The 2.4-GHz ISM Band	p. 328
9.2 Antennas in Lossy Dispersive Medium	p. 328
9.2.1 Matter	p. 329
9.2.2 Material Data and Measurements	p. 330
9.2.3 Phantoms	p. 331
9.2.4 Skin Depth	p. 334
9.2.5 Wave Propagation: One-Dimensional FDTD Simulations	p. 334
9.2.6 Influence of Patient	p. 337
9.2.7 Phantom Influence on Antenna	p. 338
9.3 Low-Profile Antennas for Implantable Medical Devices	p. 339
9.3.1 What Is the Antenna?	p. 341
9.3.2 Antenna Efficiency Calculations in Matter	p. 341
9.3.3 Electric vs. Magnetic Antennas	p. 343
9.3.4 Implantable Antennas Designs	p. 347
9.3.5 Dependence on Insulation Thickness	p. 353
9.3.6 SAR	p. 353
9.4 Conclusion	p. 355
References	p. 355
Chapter 10 Conclusions	p. 359
About the Authors	p. 365
Index	p. 375

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