Green chemical engineering : an introduction to catalysis, kinetics, and chemical processes

Title:

Personal Author:

Publication Information:

Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business, 2015

Physical Description:

xxxii, 511 pages : illustrations ; 27 cm. + 1 CD-ROM (12 cm.)

ISBN:

9781466558830

General Note:

Accompanied by CD-ROM : CP 034625

Abstract:

"This book deals with energy and material balance applied to chemical reactors with catalysis to achieve a given purpose, including fundamentals of chemical reaction engineering. The authors explain reactor design fundamentals, from simple kinetic models to complex reactor systems involving heat/material transfer or multiple reaction contents. The book spans the full range from fundamentals of kinetics and heterogeneous catalysis via modern experimental and theoretical results of model studies to their equivalent large-scale industrial production processes. It also includes significant developments, with recent research case studies and literature. With a focus on practical application, rather than theory, the result is key knowledge for students at technical universities and professionals already working in industry. "--provided by publisher

Subject Term:

Green chemistry

Added Author:

Sundaramoorthy, S.,

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Summary

While chemical products are useful in their own right--they address the demands and needs of the masses--they also drain our natural resources and generate unwanted pollution. Green Chemical Engineering: An Introduction to Catalysis, Kinetics, and Chemical Processes encourages minimized use of non-renewable natural resources and fosters maximized pollution prevention. This text stresses the importance of developing processes that are environmentally friendly and incorporate the role of green chemistry and reaction engineering in designing these processes.

Focused on practical application rather than theory, the book integrates chemical reaction engineering and green chemical engineering, and is divided into two sections. The first half of the book covers the basic principles of chemical reaction engineering and reactor design, while the second half of the book explores topics on green reactors, green catalysis, and green processes. The authors mix in elaborate illustrations along with important developments, practical applications, and recent case studies. They also include numerous exercises, examples, and problems covering the various concepts of reaction engineering addressed in this book, and provide MATLAB® software used for developing computer codes and solving a number of reaction engineering problems.

Consisting of six chapters organized into two sections, this text:

Covers the basic principles of chemical kinetics and catalysis Gives a brief introduction to classification and the various types of chemical reactors Discusses in detail the differential and integral methods of analysis of rate equations for different types of reactions Presents the development of rate equations for solid catalyzed reactions and enzyme catalyzed biochemical reactions Explains methods for estimation of kinetic parameters from batch reactor data Details topics on homogeneous reactors Includes graphical procedures for the design of multiple reactors Contains topics on heterogeneous reactors including catalytic and non-catalytic reactors Reviews various models for non-catalytic gas-solid and gas-liquid reactions Introduces global rate equations and explicit design equations for a variety of non-catalytic reactors Gives an overview of novel green reactors and the application of CFD technique in the modeling of green reactors Offers detailed discussions of a number of novel reactors Provides a brief introduction to CFD and the application of CFD Highlights the development of a green catalytic process and the application of a green catalyst in the treatment of industrial effluent

Comprehensive and thorough in its coverage, Green Chemical Engineering: An Introduction to Catalysis, Kinetics, and Chemical Processes

explains the basic concepts of green engineering and reactor design fundamentals, and provides key knowledge for students at technical universities and professionals already working in the industry.

Author Notes

Suresh Sundaramurthy is an assistant professor of chemical engineering at Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India. He holds a PhD from Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India, in the area of environmental pollution control. He has held various research positions at a number of universities in India including Pondicherry University, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, and International Centre for Materials Science, JNCASR, Bangalore. His research interests are in the areas of separation processes, reactor design, adsorption, catalysis, waste utilization, and nanomaterials. He has written a number of research articles and books in his area of research.

Sundaramoorthy Sithanandam

is a professor of chemical engineering at Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry, India. He obtained his PhD from Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India, in the area of process control. He has over 28 years of teaching and research experience. He has held teaching and visiting research positions, respectively, at National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, and National University of Singapore. His research interests are in the areas of model-based predictive control, membrane separations, process integration, and optimization. He has published many research articles and has delivered a number of keynote and invited lectures in international and national conferences.

Foreword	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgements	p. xix
Authors	p. xxi
Nomenclature	p. xxiii
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Principles of Green Chemistry and Green Chemical Engineering	p. 2
1.2 Chemical Reaction Engineering: The Heart of Green Chemical Engineering	p. 4
Section I Kinetics, Catalysis and Chemical Reactors
2 Introduction to Kinetics and Chemical Reactors	p. 9
2.1 Kinetics of Chemical Reactions	p. 9
2.1.1 Reaction Rate	p. 9
2.1.2 Extent of Conversion	p. 10
2.1.3 Rate Equation	p. 11
2.1.3.1 Activation Energy and Heat of Reaction	p. 11
2.1.3.2 Limiting Reactant	p. 14
2.1.4 Elementary and Non-Elementary Reactions	p. 15
2.1.5 Reversible Reactions	p. 16
2.1.6 Determination of Rate Equations for Single Reactions from Batch Reactor Data	p. 17
2.1.6.1 A Graphical Method for the Estimation of k and n	p. 21
2.1.6.2 Estimation of Kinetic Parameters for the Reaction between Reactants A and B	p. 23
2.1.7 Integrated Forms of Kinetic Rate Equations for Some Simple Reactions	p. 24
2.1.7.1 First-Order Reaction	p. 24
2.1.7.2 Second-Order Reaction	p. 25
2.1.7.3 Third-Order Reaction	p. 27
2.1.7.4 Second-Order Irreversible Reaction between A and B	p. 28
2.1.7.5 Reversible First-Order Reaction	p. 29
2.1.7.6 Zero-Order Reaction	p. 30
2.1.8 Multiple Reactions	p. 39
2.1.8.1 Series Reaction	p. 39
2.1.8.2 Parallel Reaction	p. 43
2.1.9 Autocatalytic Reactions	p. 45
2.1.10 Non-Elementary Reactions and Stationary State Approximations	p. 47
2.1.10.1 Estimation of Kinetic Parameters for Non-Elementary Reactions by Linear Regression	p. 48
2.1.11 Catalysis: Mechanism of Catalytic Reactions-A Brief Introduction	p. 52
2.1.11.1 Kinetics of Solid Catalysed Chemical Reactions: Langmuir-Hinshelwood Model	p. 53
2.1.12 Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalysed Biochemical Reactions	p. 62
2.2 Chemical Reactors: An Introduction	p. 67
2.2.1 Homogeneous Reactors: Holding Vessels	p. 67
2.2.1.1 Ideal Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)	p. 69
2.2.1.2 Ideal Tubular Reactor	p. 70
2.2.2 Heterogeneous Reactors-Mass Transfer Equipment	p. 73
2.2.2.1 Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactors	p. 76
Appendix 2A Catalysis and Chemisorption	p. 79
2A.1 Catalysis: An Introduction	p. 79
2A.1.1 Types of Catalysis	p. 79
2A.1.2 An Overview of the Basic Concepts of Catalysis	p. 82
2A.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis and Chemisorption	p. 82
2A.2.1 Adsorption Isotherms	p. 83
2A.3 Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration	p. 86
2A.4 Case Studies: Removal of Pollutants by Adsorption	p. 88
2A.4.1 Adsorptive Removal of Phenol by Activated Palash Leaves	p. 88
2A.4.2 Adsorptive Removal of Various Dyes by Synthesised Zeolite	p. 98
2A.5 Conclusions	p. 106
Appendix 2B Fitting Experimental Data to Linear Equations by Regression	p. 106
2B.1 Fitting Experimental Data to Linear Equations by Regression	p. 106
2B.2 Fitting Data to a Linear Equation of the Type y = a 1 x 1 + a 2 x 2 + x 0	p. 108
Excercise Problems	p. 111
MATLAB® Programs	p. 114
3 Homogeneous Reactors	p. 135
3.1 Homogeneous Ideal Reactors	p. 135
3.1.1 Design Equations for Ideal Reactors	p. 135
3.1.1.1 Design Equation for First-Order Irreversible Reaction	p. 137
3.1.1.2 Design Equation for Second-Order Irreversible Reaction	p. 137
3.1.1.3 Design Equation for First-Order Reversible Reaction	p. 138
3.1.2 Graphical Procedure for Design of Homogeneous Reactors	p. 143
3.1.3 Multiple Reactors: Reactors Connected in Series	p. 147
3.1.3.1 System of N Numbers of Ideal CSTRs in Series	p. 147
3.1.3.2 Optimal Sizing of Two CSTRs Connected in Series	p. 154
3.1.3.3 CSTR and PFR in Series	p. 157
3.1.4 Design of Reactors for Multiple Reactions	p. 163
3.1.4.1 Design of CSTR for Chain Polymerisation Reaction	p. 169
3.1.5 Non-Isothermal Reactors	p. 174
3.1.5.1 Design Equations for Non-Isothermal Reactors	p. 175
3.1.5.2 Optimal Progression of Temperature for Reversible Exothermic Reactions	p. 177
3.1.5.3 Design of Non-Isothermal Reactors with and without Heat Exchange Q	p. 183
3.1.5.4 Non-Isothermal CSTR Operation: Multiple Steady States and Stability	p. 193
3.2 Homogeneous Non-Ideal Reactors	p. 197
3.2.1 Non-Ideal Reactors versus Ideal Reactors	p. 197
3.2.2 Non-Ideal Mixing Patterns	p. 198
3.2.3 Residence Time Distribution: A Tool for Analysis of Fluid Mixing Pattern	p. 200
3.2.3.1 Tracer Experiment	p. 202
3.2.3.2 Mean ¿ and Variance ¿ 2 of Residence Time Distribution	p. 206
3.2.3.3 Residence Time Distribution for Ideal Reactors	p. 206
3.2.3.4 RTD as a Diagnostic Tool	p. 210
3.2.4 Tanks in Series Model	p. 210
3.2.4.1 Estimation of Parameter N	p. 215
3.2.4.2 Conversion according to Tanks in Series Model	p. 216
3.2.5 Axial Dispersion Model	p. 219
3.2.5.1 Conversion according to Axial Dispersion Model	p. 223
3.2.6 Laminar Flow Reactor	p. 231
3.2.6.1 Conversion in Laminar Flow Reactor	p. 233
3.2.7 Non-Ideal CSTR with Dead Zone and Bypass	p. 237
3.2.7.1 Conversion according to Non-Ideal CSTR with Dead Zone and Bypass	p. 239
3.2.8 Micro-Mixing and Segregated Flow	p. 244
3.2.8.1 Micro-Mixing and the Order of Reaction	p. 248
3.2.8.2 Conversion of a First-Order Reaction in Ideal Reactors with Completely Segregated Flow	p. 250
3.2.8.3 Micro-Mixing and Ideal PFR	p. 252
Appendix 3A Estimation of Peclet Number-Derivation of Equation Using Method of Moments	p. 254
Exercise Problems	p. 258
MATLAB® Programs	p. 262
4 Heterogeneous Reactors	p. 289
4.1 Heterogeneous Non-Catalytic Reactors	p. 289
4.1.1 Heterogeneous Gas-Solid Reactions	p. 289
4.1.1.1 Shrinking Core Model	p. 291
4.1.1.2 Reactors for Gas-Solid Reactions	p. 299
4.1.2 Heterogeneous Gas-Liquid Reactions	p. 317
4.1.2.1 Derivation of Global Rate Equations	p. 320
4.1.2.2 Design of Packed Bed Reactors for Gas-Liquid Reactions	p. 327
4.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions and Reactors	p. 334
4.2.1 Reaction in a Single Catalyst Pellet	p. 334
4.2.1.1 Internal Pore Diffusion and Reaction in a Slab-Shaped Catalyst Pellet	p. 337
4.2.1.2 Internal Pore Diffusion and Reaction in a Spherical Catalyst Pellet	p. 341
4.2.1.3 Modified Thiele Modulus ¿'	p. 346
4.2.1.4 Modification of the Thiele Modulus for a Reversible Reaction	p. 348
4.2.1.5 Diffusion and Reaction in a Single Cylindrical Pore within the Catalyst Pellet	p. 350
4.2.1.6 Global Rate Equation	p. 353
4.2.2 Catalytic Reactors	p. 354
4.2.2.1 Two-Phase Catalytic Reactors	p. 355
4.2.2.2 Three-Phase Catalytic Reactors	p. 365
Exercise Problems	p. 370
MATLAB® Programs	p. 372
Section II Green Chemical Processes and Applications
5 Green Reactor Modelling	p. 395
5.1 Novel Reactor Technology	p. 395
5.1.1 Micro-Reactor	p. 395
5.1.1.1 Characteristics of Micro-Reactors	p. 396
5.1.2 Microwave Reactor	p. 399
5.1.3 High-Pressure Reactor	p. 400
5.1.4 Spinning Disk Reactor	p. 400
5.2 Some Reactor Design Software and Their Applications	p. 402
5.2.1 gPROMS: For Simulation and Modelling of Reactors	p. 402
5.2.2 ANSYS-Reactor Design	p. 403
5.2.2.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics	p. 403
5.2.2.2 CFD Modelling of Multiphase Systems	p. 407
5.3 ASPEN Plus Simulation of RCSTR Model	p. 418
5.3.1 Simulation of CSTR Model	p. 419
5.3.2 Conclusions	p. 427
6 Application of Green Catalysis and Processes	p. 429
6.1 Introduction to Application of Green Catalysis and Processes	p. 430
6.2 Case Study 1: Treatment of Industrial Effluents Using Various Green Catalyses	p. 431
6.2.1 Introduction	p. 432
6.2.1.1 Properties of Zeolites	p. 434
6.2.1.2 Zeolite Na-Y	p. 436
6.2.1.3 Applications of Zeolites	p. 440
6.2.2 Adsorption, of Dyes onto Zeolite	p. 442
6.2.2.1 Acid Orange 7 Dye	p. 443
6.2.2.2 Methyl Orange Dye	p. 443
6.2.2.3 Methylene Blue	p. 443
6.2.2.4 Safranine Dyes	p. 444
6.2.3 Catalytic WPO	p. 445
6.2.3.1 Experimental Design	p. 445
6.2.3.2 Results and Discussions	p. 451
6.2.3.3 Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 459
6.3 Case Study 2: Thermolysis of Petrochemical Industrial Effluent	p. 466
6.3.1 Source of Wastewater	p. 467
6.3.2 Experimental Procedure	p. 467
6.3.3 Kinetic Studies	p. 468
6.3.4 Results and Discussion	p. 470
6.3.5 Conclusions	p. 472
6.4 Case Study 3: Catalytic Wet-Air Oxidation Processes	p. 474
6.4.1 Introduction	p. 475
6.4.1.1 Alcohol Production in India	p. 476
6.4.1.2 Wastewater Generation and Characteristics	p. 479
6.4.1.3 Wastewater Treatment Methods	p. 481
6.4.1.4 Drawbacks of Different Technologies	p. 481
6.4.1.5 Wet Air Oxidation	p. 482
6.4.2 Literature Survey	p. 483
6.4.3 Experimental Setup and Design	p. 486
6.4.4 Results and Discussions	p. 486
6.4.5 Conclusions	p. 491
References	p. 493
Further Reading	p. 499
Index	p. 501

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