Nanocomposites in wastewater treatment

Title:

Publication Information:

Singapore : Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015

Physical Description:

xiv, 277 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9789814463546

Subject Term:

Sewage -- Purification

Nanocomposites (Materials)

Added Author:

Mishra, Ajay Kumar

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010345652	TD745 N36 2015	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Nanocomposites have better adsorption capacity, selectivity, and stability than nanoparticles. Therefore, they find diversified applications in many areas. Recently, various methods for heavy metal detection from water have been extensively studied. The adsorption of various pollutants such as heavy metal ions and dyes from the contaminated water with the help of nanocomposites has attracted significant attention.

This book presents a comprehensive discussion on wastewater research. It covers a vast background of the recent literature. It describes the applications of nanocomposites in various areas, including environmental science. Particularly, it is highly useful to researchers involved in the environmental and water research on nanocomposites and their applications. The book covers a broad research area of chemistry, physics, materials science, polymer science and engineering, and nanotechnology to present an interdisciplinary approach and also throws light on the recent advances in the field.

Author Notes

Ajay Kumar Mishra is associate professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, and adjunct professor at Jiangsu University, China. He has a PhD in chemistry from the Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, India. He leads a research group in nanocomposites, water research, and bio-inorganic chemistry. He has collaborated with researchers, scientists, and postdocs in his group and worldwide. Prof. Mishra has published numerous articles in international journals, edited several books, and delivered many plenary, keynote, and invited lectures. For his outstanding research, he has been bestowed with a number of awards. Prof. Mishra has served as an associate editor as well as a member of the editorial boards of many international journals, besides being a member of several scientific societies.

Malathi Sampath and Cross Guevara Kiruba Daniel and Vaishnavi Sureshkumar and Muthusamy Sivakumar and Sengottuvelan BalasubramanianHemant Mittal and Balbir Singh Kaith and Ajay Kumar Mishra and Shivani Bhardwaj MishraD. Saravana Bavan and G. C. Mohan KumarDerrick S. Dlamini and Ajay K. Mishra and Bhekie B. MambaBalbir Singh Kaith and Saruchi and Vaneet Thakur and Ajay Kumar Mishra and Shivani Bhardwaj Mishra and Hemant MittalPankaj Attri and Rohit Bhatia and Bharti Arora and Jitender Gaur and Ruchita Pal and Arun Lai and Ankit Attri and Eun Ha ChoiMahmoud Abbasi and Ali Reza SoleymaniSheenam Thatai and Parul Khurana and Dinesh KumarHema Bhandari and Swati Varshney and Amodh Kant Saxena and Vinod Kumar Jain and Sundeep Kumar Dhawan

Preface	p. xiii
1 Chitosan-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Heavy Metal Removal	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 2
1.2 Why Chitosan?	p. 3
1.3 Chitosan-Based Polymer Nanocomposites	p. 4
1.3.1 Chitosan Clay Nanocomposite	p. 4
1.3.2 Chitosan-Nanoparticle Composite	p. 4
1.4 Mechanism of Heavy Metal Removal	p. 10
1.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends	p. 14
2 Gum-Polysaccharide-Based Nanocomposites for the Treatment of Industrial Effluents	p. 23
2.1 Introduction	p. 24
2.1 Gum Polysaccharides	p. 25
2.1.1 Gum Arabic	p. 26
2.1.2 Gum Karaya	p. 26
2.1.3 Gum Tragacanth	p. 27
2.1.4 Gum Xanthan	p. 28
2.1.5 Gum Gellan	p. 29
2.1.6 Guar gum	p. 30
2.1.7 Locust bean gum	p. 31
2.1.7 Gum Ghatti	p. 32
2.2 Stimuli-Responsive Nanocomposites	p. 33
2.2.1 Temperature-Responsive Nanocomposites	p. 33
2.2.2 pH-Responsive Nanocomposites	p. 35
2.3 Preparation of Nanocomposites	p. 36
2.3.1 Graft Copolymerization/Cross-Linking	p. 36
2.3.2 Suspension Polymerization	p. 37
2.3.3 Polymer Coacervation Process	p. 37
2.3.3.1 Simple coacervation process	p. 37
2.3.3.2 Complex coacervation process	p. 38
2.4 Utilization of Nanocomposites for Wasterwater Treatment	p. 38
2.5 Conclusion	p. 39
3 A View on Cellulosic Nanocomposites for Treatment of Wastewater	p. 47
3.1 Introduction	p. 48
3.2 Classification of Natural Fibers	p. 48
3.3 Structure of Natural Fibers	p. 50
3.4 Physical, Mechanical, and Other Properties of Natural Fibers	p. 52
3.4.1 Problems with Natural Fibers	p. 53
3.4.2 Limitations of Natural Fibers	p. 53
3.5 Chemical Composition of Natural Fibers	p. 54
3.5.1 Cellulose	p. 54
3.5.2 Hemicellulose	p. 55
3.5.3 Lignin	p. 56
3.5.4 Pectin and Others	p. 57
3.6 Biocomposites/Green Composites	p. 57
3.7 Wastewater Treatment	p. 58
3.8 Classification of Wastewater Treatment	p. 59
3.9 Dye in Wastewater	p. 61
3.10 Adsorbents in Wastewater	p. 64
3.10.1 Activated Carbon	p. 65
3.11 Role of Agro-Fibers and Polymers in Handling Wastewater	p. 68
3.12 Biosorption	p. 69
3.13 Activated Carbon from Plant Fibers as Adsorbents	p. 71
3.14 Cellulose Nanocomposite Materials	p. 73
3.15 Cellulose Nanocrystals (Fibers and Whiskers)	p. 75
3.16 Conclusion	p. 80
4 Removal of Heavy Metals from Water Using PCL, EVA-Bentonite Nanocomposites	p. 97
4.1 Introduction	p. 97
4.2 Polymeric Nanocomposites	p. 98
4.2.1 Nanocomposite Formation and Structure	p. 99
4.2.1.1 Polymer-clay nanocomposite formation	p. 99
4.2.1.2 Polymer-clay nanocomposite structure	p. 104
4.3 Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites in Heavy-Metal Removal from Water	p. 109
4.3.1 Heavy-Metal Adsorption	p. 109
4.3.1.1 Tailored morphology to enhance adsorption	p. 112
4.3.2 Heavy-Metal Retention by Granular Filtration	p. 115
4.3.3 Merits and Limitations of Polymeric Nanocomposites in Water Treatment	p. 118
4.3.3.1 Merits	p. 118
4.3.3.2 Limitations	p. 119
5 Role of Polymer Nanocomposites in Wastewater Treatment	p. 125
5.1 Introduction	p. 126
5.2 Types of Polymer Nanocomposites	p. 128
5.2.1 Conventional Nanocomposites	p. 128
5.2.2 Intercalated Nanocomposites	p. 128
5.2.3 Exfoliated Nanocomposites	p. 129
5.3 Methods of Preparation	p. 129
5.3.1 Melt Compounding	p. 129
5.3.2 In situ Polymerization	p. 129
5.3.3 Bulk Polymerization	p. 129
5.3.4 Electrospinning	p. 130
5.4 Characterization	p. 130
5.4.1 X-Ray Diffraction	p. 130
5.4.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis	p. 131
5.4.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy	p. 132
5.4.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy	p. 133
5.5 Application of Polymer Nanocomposites	p. 134
5.5.1 Dendrimers in Water Treatment	p. 134
5.5.2 Metal Nano composites	p. 135
5.5.3 Zeolites	p. 135
5.5.4 Carbonaceous Nanocomposites	p. 136
5.6 Conclusion	p. 137
6 Nanoparticles for Water Purification	p. 143
7 Electrochemical Ozone Production for Degradation of Organic Pollutants via Novel Electrodes Coated by Nanocomposite Materials	p. 167
7.1 Introduction	p. 168
7.2 Ozonation Process in Water and Wastewater Treatment	p. 168
7.3 Oxidation Mechanism of Ozonation	p. 169
7.4 Ozone Production Methods	p. 173
7.4.1 Corona Discharge Method	p. 174
7.4.2 Photochemical Process	p. 175
7.4.3 Cold Plasma	p. 175
7.4.4 Electrochemical Ozone Production	p. 176
7.5 Anode Materials	p. 178
7.6 Application of Electro chemically Generated Ozone	p. 184
8 Core-Shell Nanocomposites for Detection of Heavy Metal Ions in Water	p. 191
8.1 Introduction	p. 192
8.2 Classification of Nanocomposites	p. 193
8.3 Methods for Preparation of Nanomaterials as Nanofillers	p. 195
8.3.1 Fe 3 O 4 Nanoparticles	p. 197
8.3.2 TiO 2 Nanoparticles	p. 197
8.3.3 CdS, PbS, and CuS Nanoparticles	p. 197
8.3.4 SiO 2 Nanoparticles	p. 197
8.4 Methods for Preparation of Nanomaterials as Matrix	p. 198
8.4.1 Au Nanoparticles	p. 200
8.4.2 Ag Nanoparticles	p. 200
8.5 Methods for Preparation of Nanocomposites	p. 200
8.5.1 SiO 2 @Ag Core-Shell Nanocomposites	p. 203
8.5.2 SiO 2 @Au Core-Shell Nanocomposites	p. 203
8.5.3 Fe 3 O 4 @Au Core-Shell Nanocomposites	p. 204
8.5.4 Ag@Au Core-Shell Nanocomposites	p. 205
8.6 Characterization of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites	p. 205
8.6.1 Optical Probe Characterization Techniques	p. 206
8.6.2 Electron Probe Characterization Techniques	p. 206
8.6.3 Scanning Probe Characterization Technique	p. 207
8.6.4 Spectroscopic Characterization Technique	p. 207
8.7 Sensing and Detection Using Smart Nanocomposites	p. 208
8.8 Conclusion	p. 214
9 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Membrane for Removal of Escherichia coli and Total Coliforms from Wastewater	p. 221
9.1 Introduction	p. 222
9.2 Development of Polypyrrole-Silver Nanocomposites Impregnated AC Membrane	p. 226
9.2.1 Synthesis of Ag-NPs	p. 226
9.2.2 Development of PPY Ag-NPs Impregnated AC Membrane	p. 226
9.3 Antimicrobial Activity Test Methods	p. 227
9.3.1 Membrane Filtration Method	p. 228
9.4 Characterization of PPY-Ag Nanocomposite	p. 230
9.4.1 Structural Characterization	p. 230
9.4.1.1 FTIR spectra	p. 230
9.4.1.2 Conductivity measurement	p. 231
9.4.1.3 X-ray diffraction analysis	p. 231
9.4.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis	p. 232
9.4.3 Antistatic Study	p. 234
9.4.4 Morphological Characterization	p. 236
9.5 Antimicrobial Activity	p. 237
9.5.1 Antimicrobial Mechanism of PPY-Ag Nanocomposite Impregnated AC Fiber	p. 241
9.6 Conclusion	p. 242
10 Titanium Dioxide-Based Materials for Photocatalytic Conversion of Water PollutantsSónia A. C. Carabineiro and Adrián M. T. Silva and Cláudia G. Silva and Ricardo A. Segundo and Goran Drazic and José L. Figueiredo and Joaquim L. Faria\|p247
10.1 Introduction	p. 248
10.2 Experiments	p. 250
10.2.1 Preparation of Titanium Dioxide Supports	p. 250
10.2.2 Gold Loading	p. 251
10.2.3 Characterization Techniques	p. 251
10.2.4 Catalytic Tests	p. 252
10.3 Results and Discussion	p. 253
10.3.1 Characterization of TiO 2 Materials	p. 253
10.3.2 Characterization of Au/TiO 2 Materials	p. 256
10.3.3 Catalytic Results for DP Photodegradation	p. 258
10.3.4 Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenolic Compounds using P25 Catalyst	p. 261
10.4 Conclusion	p. 264
Index	p. 271

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