Ground-based microwave radiometry and remote sensing : methods and applications

The ability to effectively monitor the atmosphere on a continuous basis requires remote sensing in microwave. Written for physicists and engineers working in the area of microwave sensing of the atmosphere, Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing: Methods and Applications is completely devoted to ground-based remote sensing. This text covers the fundamentals of microwave remote sensing, and examines microwave radiometric measurements and their applications.

The book discusses the atmospheric influences on the electromagnetic spectrum, addresses the measurement of incoherent electromagnetic radiation from an object obeying the laws of radiation fundamentals, and explores the height limits in both the water vapor band and the oxygen band. The author describes the measurement technique of water vapor in the polar region, details studies of the measurement of integrated water vapor content by deploying a microwave radiometer, and presents several real-time pictures of radiometric and disdrometer measurements.

Includes integrated water vapor and cloud liquid water models Contains measurements in adverse weather conditions Illustrates measurement technique in the Antarctic and Arctic regions Describes rain models in different locations including tropical, temperate regions along with radiometric measurement techniques Presents a definite model for measurement of propagation path delay

The book summarizes the latest research results obtained in the area of measurements and modeling, describes the atmospheric influences on electromagnetic spectrum along with different gaseous and cloud models, and provides examples of radiometric retrievals from a variety of dynamic weather phenomena.

Author Notes

Pranab Kumar Karmakar is currently pursuing research work principally in the area of modeling of integrated water vapor and liquid water in the ambient atmosphere. He is involved in research and teaching at the post-graduate level at the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics, University of Calcutta in India. Dr. Karmakar published noteworthy outcomes of his research of tropical locations in different international and national journals of repute. All these are culminated into a book entitled Microwave Propagation and Remote Sensing: Atmospheric Influences with Models and Applications published by CRC Press in 2012.

Preface	p. xi
About the Author	p. xvii
Chapter 1 Ground-Bused Remote Sensing	p. 1
1.1 Introduction: Definition of Remote Sensing	p. 1
1.2 Microwave Remote Sensing and Its Application	p. 1
1.3 Atmospheric Remote Sensing	p. 6
1.4 Atmospheric Influences on the Electromagnetic Spectrum	p. 7
1.4.1 Temperature and Humidity Variation over a Few Places of Northern and Southern Latitudes	p. 9
1.4.2 Determination of Window Frequencies in the Electromagnetic Spectrum	p. 13
1.4.2.1 Background Methodology in Determining Window Frequency	p. 13
References	p. 19
Chapter 2 Radiometry	p. 23
2.1 Introduction	p. 23
2.2 Radiation Fundamentals	p. 24
2.3 Basic Parameters of Radiometric Sensing	p. 27
2.3.1 Brightness Temperature	p. 27
2.3.2 Emissivity	p. 28
2.3.3 Apparent Temperature	p. 28
2.3.4 Antenna Temperature	p. 29
2.4 General Physical Principle	p. 29
2.4.1 Microwave Absorption and Emission	p. 30
2.4.1.1 Gaseous Absorption Models	p. 31
2.4.1.2 Cloud Absorption Model	p. 31
2.4.1.3 Oxygen Absorption	p. 32
2.4.1.4 Water Vapor Absorption	p. 34
References	p. 36
Chapter 3 Ground-Based Zenith-Looking Radio Visibility at Microwave Frequencies over a Tropical Location	p. 39
3.1 Introduction	p. 39
3.2 Absorption in the Water Vapor Band	p. 40
3.3 Mean Radiating Temperature	p. 42
3.4 Water Vapor Content and Microwave Attenuation in the Water Vapor Band	p. 43
3.5 Determination of Height Limit of Radio Visibility in the Water Vapor Band	p. 45
3.6 Absorption in the Oxygen Band	p. 45
3.7 Determination of Height Limit of Radio Visibility in the Oxygen Band	p. 48
References	p. 50
Chapter 4 Radiometric Sensing of Temperature, Water Vapor, and Cloud Liquid Water	p. 53
4.1 Introduction	p. 53
4.2 General Physical Principles	p. 55
4.3 The Forward Model	p. 56
4.4 The Inverse Model	p. 58
4.4.1 Inversion Techniques	p. 59
4.4.2 General Formulation	p. 60
4.4.2.1 Linear Form	p. 60
4.4.3 Various Retrieval Methods	p. 61
4.4.3.1 Optimal Estimation Method	p. 61
4.4.3.2 Least Square Solution	p. 61
4.4.3.3 Statistical Inversion Method	p. 62
4.4.3.4 Newtonian Iteration Method	p. 62
4.4.3.5 Bayesian Maximum Probability Method	p. 63
4.5 Radiometric Response to Atmospheric Profiles: Weighting Function	p. 64
4.6 Predictability of Attenuation between Various Frequencies	p. 70
4.7 Passive Microwave Profiling during Dynamic Weather Conditions: A Case Study	p. 70
4.7.1 Radiometric Measurements	p. 72
4.7.1.1 Upslope with Super-Cooled Fog	p. 72
4.7.1.2 Snowfall	p. 74
4.7.1.3 Thermodynamics within Cloud Systems	p. 76
4.7.1.4 Boundary Layer Processes	p. 76
4.7.1.5 Severe Storms and Their Environment	p. 77
4.7.1.6 Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting (QPF)	p. 77
4.7.1.7 Aviation Forecasting	p. 77
4.7.1.8 Winter Weather Forecasting	p. 78
4.7.1.9 Severe Storms Forecasting	p. 78
References	p. 78
Chapter 5 Ground-Based Radiometric Sensing of Thermodynamic Variables in the Polar Regions	p. 83
5.1 Introduction	p. 83
5.2 Theoretical Background	p. 87
5.3 Weighting Function Analysis	p. 88
5.4 Retrieval Technique	p. 90
5.4.1 One-Dimensional Variation (IDVAR)Technique	p. 90
5.5 Water Vapor over Antarctica	p. 93
References	p. 97
Chapter 6 Radiometric Estimation of Integrated Water Vapor Content	p. 101
6.1 Introduction	p. 101
6.2 Single-Frequency Algorithm for Water Vapor Estimation	p. 103
6.2.1 Attenuation at 22.234 GHz	p. 107
6.2.2 Water Vapor Scale Height by Deploying 22.234 GHz Radiometer	p. 109
6.2.2.1 Water Vapor Density and Vapor Pressure	p. 111
6.2.3 Integrated Vapor Content by Deploying 22.234 GHz Radiometer	p. 111
6.3 Dual-Frequency Algorithm for Water Vapor Estimation	p. 115
6.3.1 Theoretical Background	p. 115
6.3.2 Radiosonde Data Analysis of Vapor Estimation	p. 116
6.3.3 Radiosonde Data Analysis of Cloud Attenuation	p. 118
References	p. 125
Chapter 7 Microwave Radiometric Estimation of Excess Electrical Path	p. 129
7.1 Introduction	p. 129
7.2 The Problem	p. 130
7.3 Theoretical Model	p. 132
7.4 Determination of Constants in the Algorithm	p. 138
7.5 Mean Atmospheric Temperature T m at Microwave Frequencies	p. 139
7.6 Radiometric Estimation of Delay over Temperate Locations	p. 140
7.6.1 Test for Instrument Stability	p. 141
7.7 Radiometric Estimation of Delay over Tropical Location	p. 142
7.8 Vapor Effect on Baseline Determination	p. 143
References	p. 145
Chapter 8 Characterization of Rain and Attenuation in the Earth-Space Path	p. 149
8.1 Introduction	p. 149
8.2 Rain Rates, Duration, and Return Periods	p. 150
8.2.1 Point Rain Rates	p. 155
8.3 Raindrop Size Distribution at Tropical Locations	p. 159
8.4 Rain Absorption Model	p. 163
8.4.1 Attenuation Model Proposed by the UK	p. 166
8.4.2 Attenuation Model Proposed by the People's Republic of China	p. 167
8.4.3 Attenuation Model Proposed by Brazil	p. 169
8.4.4 Crane Model	p. 170
8.4.5 ITU-R Model	p. 170
8.4.6 Modified ITU-R Model Applicable for the Tropics	p. 171
8.5 Rain Attenuation Studies over a Tropical Latitude-A Case Study	p. 172
8.5.1 Theoretical Background	p. 172
8.5.2 Rainfall Rate Measurement	p. 175
8.5.3 Brightness Temperature	p. 175
8.5.4 Attenuation	p. 177
8.5.5 Rain Height	p. 181
8.5.6 Effect of Scattering by Rain Cells	p. 183
8.5.6.1 Properties of Rain	p. 183
8.6.6.1 Radio Emission by Rain	p. 184
8.6 Numerical Analysis	p. 187
References	p. 190
Index	p. 193

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