OLED microdisplays: technology and applications

Title:

Publication Information:

Hoboken, N.J. : ISTE Ltd/John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2014

Physical Description:

xxxii, 254 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9781848215757

Abstract:

Subject Term:

Microdisplays

Light emitting diodes

Organic thin films

Added Author:

Templier, Francois,

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010334280	TK7871.89.L53 O44 2014	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Microdisplays are displays requiring optical magnification and OLEDs (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) are self-emitting displays where each pixel includes a LED made of organic material, in general composed of small-molecule organic material. This title reviews in detail how OLED microdisplays are made as well as how they are used. All aspects from theory to application will be addressed: basic principles, display design, display fabrication, operation and performances, present and future applications. The book will be useful to anyone interested in this rapidly developing field, such as students or researchers, industry professionals (engineers, project leaders) in the field of display development/fabrication and display end-users.

Author Notes

Franois Templier works at CEA-LETI in Grenoble, France.

François TemplierTony MaindronFrançois TemplierDavid VaufrhyKarim BouzjdPhilippe LeroyChristophe Prat and Tony Maindron and Rigo Herold and François TemplierKhaled Sarayeddtne and Ersun Kartal and François TemplterFrançois Templier and Katim Bouzro

Introduction	p. xi
Chapter 1 Oled: Theory and Principles	p. 1
1.1 Organic light-emitting device: a brief history	p. 2
1.2 Principles of OLED operation	p. 3
1.3 Organic semiconductor material categories	p. 4
1.3.1 Small molecules	p. 4
1.3.2 Polymers	p. 5
1.3.3 Deposition technique description	p. 5
1.4 Organic semiconductors: theory	p. 7
1.4.1 Band theory in organic chemistry	p. 7
1.4.2 Differences from classical semiconductors	p. 8
1.4.3 Electronic transport model in amorphous organic solids	p. 10
1.5 OLEDs electrical characteristics	p. 12
1.6 OLED: different structure types	p. 15
1.6.1 Direct and inverted diodes	p. 15
1.6.2 Through substrate emitting diode and top surface emitting diode	p. 15
1.6.3 Heterojunction diode and band engineering	p. 16
1.6.4 Electrical doping	p. 16
1.6.5 Light extraction	p. 18
1.6.6 OLED efficiency	p. 21
1.7 OLED stability and lifetime: encapsulation issue	p. 22
1.8 Specificities of OLED for microdisplays	p. 28
1.9 Bibliography	p. 30
Chapter 2 Overview of Oled Displays	p. 35
2.1 Passive-matrix OLED displays	p. 35
2.1.1 Main characteristics	p. 35
2.1.2 Applications	p. 36
2.1.3 Market and actors	p. 37
2.1.4 Limitations/future of PMOLED	p. 40
2.2 Active-matrix AMOLED displays	p. 40
2.2.1 Main characteristics	p. 40
2.2.2 Applications: small and medium-size AMOLED	p. 40
2.2.3 Applications: large-size OLED displays	p. 43
2.3 Trends in OLED displays: flexible and transparent	p. 46
2.3.1 Flexible and transparent PMOLED displays	p. 46
2.3.2 Flexible AMOLED displays	p. 48
2.4 OLED lighting	p. 49
2.5 Microdisplays	p. 50
2.6 Bibliography	p. 51
Chapter 3 Oled Characterization	p. 53
3.1 Electronic properties of organic semiconductors	p. 53
3.1.1 HOMO and LUMO level determination	p. 54
3.1.2 Mobility measurement	p. 56
3.2 Optical properties of organic semiconductors	p. 62
3.2.1 Spectrometry	p. 62
3.2.2 Photoluminescence	p. 65
3.3 Device characterization	p. 67
3.3.1 Electrical characterization	p. 67
3.3.2 Radiometry versus photometry and colorimetry	p. 72
3.3.3 Electro-optical characterization	p. 76
3.3.4 Ageing	p. 80
3.4 OLED microdisplay characterization	p. 83
3.4.1 OLED microdisplay specific measurements	p. 83
3.5 Bibliography	p. 90
Chapter 4 5-Tools and Methods for Electro-Optic Simulation	p. 95
4.1 Electro-optic simulation presentation	p. 95
4.1.1 Objectives	p. 95
4.1.2 Potential gains	p. 96
4.1.3 Available software solutions	p. 96
4.2 Optical simulation	p. 96
4.2.1 Bottom-emission OLEDs	p. 97
4.2.2 Top-emission OLEDs	p. 98
4.3 Electrical simulation	p. 107
4.3.1 Potential gain	p. 107
4.3.2 Simulation types	p. 107
4.3.3 Full OLED stack simulation: example and analysis	p. 112
4.3.4 Analysis example	p. 113
4.4 Microdisplay simulation limitations	p. 114
4.4.1 Electrical/optical crosstalk simulation	p. 114
4.4.2 Combined electro-optical outputs	p. 116
4.4.3 Limitations of accuracy for microdisplays	p. 116
4.5 Bibliography	p. 117
Chapter 5 Addressing Oled Microdisplays	p. 119
5.1 Passive matrix OLED display	p. 120
5.2 Active matrix OLED displays	p. 124
5.2.1 General considerations for active matrix addressing	p. 124
5.2.2 Two-TFT (2-TFT) pixel circuit	p. 128
5.2.3 Threshold compensation method	p. 132
5.2.4 AMOLED pixel circuit and image writing	p. 138
5.3 Addressing OLED microdisplays	p. 144
5.3.2 Pixel electrode circuits and driving operation	p. 146
5.3.3 Innovative pixel circuit on silicon backplane	p. 153
5.4 Bibliography	p. 156
Chapter 6 OLED Microdisplay Fabrication	p. 159
6.1 Fabrication of CMOS active matrix	p. 159
6.1.1 General considerations	p. 159
6.1.2 Specificities of the circuit	p. 160
6.1.3 Choice of metal electrodes	p. 161
6.1.4 Pixel pitch and fill factor	p. 162
6.1.5 Choice of baseline CMOS circuit	p. 163
6.2 OLED process on CMOS circuit	p. 163
6.2.1 Cluster tool and process	p. 163
6.2.2 Evaporation sources	p. 165
6.2.3 Load-lock chamber	p. 169
6.2.4 Plasma treatment	p. 170
6.2.5 Deposition process	p. 170
6.2.6 Thickness, uniformity control and spitting	p. 174
6.2.7 Shadow mask	p. 180
6.2.8 Buffer chamber	p. 180
6.3 Encapsulation process	p. 180
6.3.1 Encapsulation tools for production	p. 180
6.3.2 Encapsulation tools for pilot line/R&D	p. 181
6.4 Color: different approaches and associated processes	p. 183
6.4.1 Color management	p. 183
6.4.2 Color filter assembly	p. 183
6.4.3 Color fillers on OLED	p. 185
6.5 Packaging	p. 186
6.6 Display testing and performances	p. 186
6.7 Electronic?	p. 187
6.7.1 Data and configuration interface	p. 187
6.7.2 Packaging and mounting of microdisplays	p. 190
6.8 Process and performance evolutions	p. 192
6.9 Bibliography	p. 193
Chapter 7 Applications of Oled Microdisplays	p. 195
7.1 Introduction	p. 195
7.2 Head-mounted displays and informative glasses for consumer and professional applications	p. 196
7.2.1 General requirements for HMD for consumer and professional markets	p. 196
7.2.2 Optical system architecture for near-to-eye display	p. 199
7.2.3 Evolution and challenges for near-to-eye wearable display systems	p. 217
7.3 Electronic viewfinder embedded into a camera/camcorder	p. 218
7.3.1 Introduction and general requirements	p. 219
7.3.2 Optics	p. 220
7.3.3 Evolution of view finders	p. 223
7.4 Other display systems with OLED microdisplays	p. 224
7.4.1 The OLED microdisplay for pico-projectors	p. 224
7.4.2 Bi-directionnal OLED microdisplay for see-through system	p. 226
7.5 Bibliography	p. 229
Chapter 8 Oled Microdisplays Present and Future	p. 231
8.1 Present actors of OLED microdisplays	p. 231
8.2 Evolution and future developments for OLED microdisplays	p. 232
8.2.1 Introduction	p. 232
8.2.2 Luminance and lifetime	p. 232
8.2.3 Voltage delta figure of merit	p. 235
8.2.4 Color coverage	p. 236
8.2.5 Pixel pitch size	p. 238
8.2.6 Cost	p. 239
8.3 Disruptive emissive microdisplays	p. 239
8.3.1 Transparent OLED microdisplays	p. 239
8.3.2 Other emissive microdisplays: high-brightness GaN-based LED arrays	p. 240
8.4 Bibliography	p. 245
Conclusion	p. 247
List of Authors	p. 251
Index	p. 253

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Table of Contents