Civil Engineering Materials

Title:

Personal Author:

Sivakugan, Nagaratnam, author

Edition:

First Edition

Physical Description:

xviii, 428 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm.

ISBN:

9781305386648

Abstract:

Prepare your students for today's civil engineering challenges, providing them with a broad overview of the materials they will use as civil engineers in their studies and careers. CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS not only covers traditional materials, such as concrete, steel, timber, and soils, but also explores non-traditional materials, such as synthetics and industrial-by products. Numerous practical examples and straight-forward explanations help your students gain a full understanding of the characteristics and behavior of various materials, how they interact, and how to best utilize and combine traditional and non-traditional materials. While emphasizing the use of civil engineering materials, the authors also carefully address the important issues related to sustainability to give students a broader context of how materials are used in contemporary applications.

Subject Term:

Civil engineering

Building materials

Materials

Added Author:

Gnanendran, Carthigesu T.,

Tuladhar, Rabin,

Kannan, M. Bobby,

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010343511	TA144 S58 2016	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

On Order

Summary

CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS prepares you for today�s engineering challenges, providing a broad overview of the materials you will use in your studies and career. You are not only introduced to traditional materials, such as concrete, steel, timber, and soils, but you also explore important non-traditional materials, such as synthetics and industrial-by products. The authors use a wealth of practical examples and straight-forward explanations to ensure you gain a full understanding of the characteristics and behavior of various materials, how they interact, and how to best utilize and combine traditional and non-traditional materials. While emphasizing the effective use of civil engineering materials, the authors carefully consider sustainability to give you a broader context of how materials are current used in contemporary applications.

Preface	p. xiii
About the Authors	p. xviii
Chapter 1 Engineering Behavior of Materials-Some Fundamentals	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Stress-Strain Relations and Constitutive Models	p. 3
1.2.1 Some Simple Material Models	p. 4
1.2.2 Other Material Models	p. 6
1.3 Types of Loadings	p. 9
1.4 Special Loading Situations	p. 10
1.4.1 Generalized Stress-Strain Relationships	p. 12
1.4.2 Plane Strain Loading	p. 15
1.4.3 Plane Stress Loading	p. 17
1.4.4 Axisymmetrie Loading	p. 18
1.5 Strain-Displacement Relations	p. 18
1.6 Equations of Equilibrium	p. 19
1.7 Laboratory Measurements amid Measuring Devices	p. 20
1.8 Material Variability and Sample Statistics	p. 22
1.9 Numerical Modeling	p. 23
1.10 Standards, Units, and Safety	p. 23
1.11 Sustainability	p. 26
1.12 Summary	p. 27
Exercises	p. 27
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Materials	p. 30
2.1 Introduction	p. 30
2.2 Atomic Structure and Bonding	p. 30
2.2.7 Atomic Structure	p. 31
2.2.2 Bonding	p. 33
2.3 Arrangement of Atoms	p. 36
2.4 Classification of Materials	p. 44
2.5 Imperfection in Materials	p. 45
2.6 Strengthening in Materials	p. 48
2.7 Characterization of Materials	p. 50
2.7.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)	p. 50
2.7.2 Optical Microscope	p. 50
2.7.3 Electron Microscopes	p. 52
2.7.4 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)	p. 54
2.8 Summary	p. 55
Exercises	p. 56
References	p. 57
Chapter 3 Soils	p. 58
3.1 Introduction	p. 58
3.2 Civil Engineering Applications	p. 58
3.2.1 Traditional Geotechnical Applications	p. 59
3.2.2 Backfilling Underground Mines	p. 59
3.2.3 Land Reclamation Using Dredge Spoils	p. 60
3.3 Formation of Soils	p. 61
3.3.1 Elements of Earth	p. 61
3.3.2 Igneous. Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks	p. 63
3.3.3 Residual and Transported Soils	p. 65
3.4 Soils versus Other Engineering Materials	p. 66
3.5 Soil Classification	p. 66
3.6 Compaction and Earthworks	p. 69
3.6.1 Moisture-Density Relationships	p. 69
3.6.2 Laboratory Tests	p. 71
3.6.3 Field Compaction, Specifications, and Control	p. 72
3.7 Permeability	p. 73
3.7.1 Darcy's Law	p. 73
3.7.2 Typical Values	p. 74
3.7.3 Laboratory and Field Tests	p. 74
3.8 Strength and Stiffness	p. 74
3.8.1 Failure in Soils	p. 75
3.8.2 Deformations in Soils	p. 76
3.8.3 Effective Stress Theory and Drained/Undrained Loading	p. 76
3.8.4 Laboratory and Field Measurements	p. 77
3.9 Measurements of Soil Properties	p. 78
3.9.1 Laboratory Tests	p. 79
3.9.2 In Situ Tests	p. 79
3.9.3 Instrumentation	p. 80
3.10 New Materials	p. 80
3.11 Summary	p. 82
Exercises	p. 83
References	p. 85
Chapter 4 Rocks	p. 86
4.1 Introduction	p. 86
4.2 Rock Engineering Applications	p. 87
4.2.1 Rocks as Construction Materials	p. 87
4.2.2 Other Civil Engineering Applications, using Rocks	p. 89
4.3 Common Rocks in Construction	p. 90
4.4 Rock Mass and Intact Rock	p. 91
4.5 Strength and Stiffness of Intact Rocks	p. 92
4.5.1 Rock Cores and RQD	p. 93
4.5.2 Strength and Stiffness Parameters	p. 95
4.6 Laboratory Tests for Intact Rocks	p. 101
4.7 Field Tests for Rocks	p. 105
4.8 Rock Mass Classification	p. 108
4.9 Rockfills	p. 108
4.10 Summary	p. 109
Exercises	p. 110
References	p. 112
Chapter 5 Aggregates	p. 114
5.1 Introduction	p. 114
5.2 Origin, Geology and Classification of Parent Rocks	p. 115
5.3 Properties and Testing of Aggregates	p. 117
5.3.1 Particle Size and Grading	p. 118
5.3.2 Types of Grading and Relationship with Density	p. 120
5.3.3 Shape and Surface Texture	p. 128
5.3.4 Strength and Stiffness	p. 132
5.3.5 Hardness. Toughness, and Abrasion Resistance	p. 133
5.3.6 Soundness and Durability	p. 136
5.3.7 Chemical Stability of Aggregate in PCC	p. 137
5.3.8 Cleanness and Deleterious Substances	p. 138
5.3.9 Affinity for Asphalt Cement	p. 138
5.3.10 Moisture and Asphalt Binder Absorption	p. 139
5.3.11 Relative Density (or Specific Gravity) and Bulk Density	p. 140
5.4 Uses of Aggregates	p. 143
5.5 Lightweight and Heavyweight Aggregates	p. 146
5.6 Aggregates from Industrial By-Products and Waste	p. 147
5.7 Handling, Transportation, and Storage of Aggregates	p. 149
5.8 Summary	p. 150
Exercises	p. 151
References	p. 153
Chapter 6 Geosynthetics	p. 154
6.1 Introduction	p. 154
6.2 Types of Geosynthetics, Polymers Used, Manufacture, and Common Use	p. 155
6.2.1 Types of Geosynthetics	p. 155
6.2.2 Polymers Used in Geosynthetics	p. 155
6.2.3 Geotextiles	p. 157
6.2.4 Geogrids	p. 160
6.2.5 Geonets	p. 161
6.2.6 Geomembranes	p. 162
6.2.7 Geocells	p. 164
6.2.8 Geomats	p. 164
6.2.9 Geocomposites-Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCLs), Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVDs), Geopipes, Geofoams, and Others	p. 164
6.3 Properties and Testing of Geosynthetics	p. 166
6.3.1 Tensile Properties and Testing	p. 168
6.3.2 Fill-Soil Interface Shear Properties and Testing	p. 171
6.3.3 Hydraulic- or Flow-Related Properties and Testing	p. 174
6.3.4 Endurance, Integrity, Durability and Long-Term Performance-Related Properties and Testing	p. 179
6.4 Functions, Mechanisms and Engineering Applications	p. 183
6.4.1 Reinforcement	p. 183
6.4.2 Separation	p. 188
6.4.3 Filtration	p. 189
6.4.4 Drainage	p. 191
6.4.5 Containment	p. 192
6.4.6 Erosion Control	p. 193
6.4.7 Typical Examples of Geosythetics Use in the Field	p. 193
6.5 Selection of Geosynthetics	p. 194
6.5.1 Available versus Required Property	p. 197
6.5.2 Selection of a Geosynthetic	p. 201
6.6 Summary	p. 203
Exercises	p. 204
References	p. 207
Chapter 7 Asphalt Cement and Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete	p. 208
7.1 Introduction	p. 208
7.2 Types of Asphalt Cements or Bituminous Materials	p. 209
7.3 Common Asphalt Cement Products and Their Grading	p. 211
7.3.1 Standard Penetration Grading	p. 211
7.3.2 Viscosity Grading	p. 211
7.3.3 Aged Residue Grading	p. 214
7.3.4 Performance Grading	p. 215
7.3.5 Other Asphalt Products	p. 215
7.4 Typical Uses of Asphaltic Materials	p. 218
7.5 Properties and Testing of Asphalt Cement	p. 218
7.5.1 Consistency and Rate of Curing of Asphalt Cement	p. 220
7.5.2 Durability and Other Properties of Asphalt Materials	p. 223
7.6 Overview of Pavements	p. 228
7.7 Bituminous Surfacing Treatments and Sealing in Pavements	p. 229
7.8 Asphalt Concrete	p. 233
7.8.1 HMA Design	p. 234
7.8.2 Density and Voids Analysis of HMA	p. 235
7.8.3 Marshall Method	p. 241
7.8.4 Superpave Mix Design	p. 243
7.8.5 HMA Production	p. 245
7.8.6 Characterization of HMA for Pavement Design	p. 247
7.9 Use of Additives and Recycling	p. 250
7.10 Summary	p. 250
Exercises	p. 251
References	p. 252
Chapter 8 Cement and Concrete	p. 254
8.1 Introduction	p. 254
8.1.1 History of Concrete	p. 254
8.1.2 Advantages of Concrete	p. 255
8.1.3 Limitations of Concrete	p. 256
8.2 Constituents of Concrete	p. 257
8.2.1 Portland Cement	p. 257
8.2.2 Supplementary Cementttious Material	p. 263
8.2.3 Water	p. 266
8.2.4 Aggregates	p. 267
8.2.5 Admixture	p. 272
8.3 Different Stages of Concrete	p. 274
8.3.1 Plastic State	p. 274
8.3.2 Setting State	p. 275
8.3.3 Hardening State	p. 275
8.4 Properties of Fresh Concrete	p. 275
8.4.1 Workability	p. 275
8.4.2 Consistency	p. 276
8.4.3 Cohesiveness	p. 278
8.4.4 Early-Age Performance of Concrete	p. 278
8.5 Site Practice of Concrete	p. 282
5.5.1 Compaction	p. 282
8.5.1 Finishing	p. 283
8.5.2 Curing	p. 284
8.6 Properties of Hardened Concrete	p. 284
8.6.1 Compressive Strength	p. 285
8.6.2 Tensile Strength of Concrete	p. 287
8.6.3 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete	p. 289
8.6.4 Poisson's Ratio	p. 289
8.6.5 Creep in Concrete	p. 289
8.6.6 Shrinkage in Concrete	p. 290
8.6.7 Durability of Concrete	p. 291
8.7 Concrete Mix Design	p. 294
8.7.1 Mix Design Procedure	p. 294
8.8 Summary	p. 302
Exercises	p. 303
References	p. 307
Chapter 9 Metals and Alloys	p. 309
9.1 Introduction	p. 309
9.2 Ferrous Alloys	p. 309
9.2.1 Iron-Carbon Diagram	p. 310
9.2.2 Steels	p. 311
9.2.3 Cast Irons	p. 314
9.2.4 Stainless Steels	p. 314
9.2.5 Heat-Treatment Techniques	p. 315
9.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys	p. 316
9.3.1 Copper	p. 316
9.3.2 Aluminum	p. 317
9.3.3 Magnesium	p. 317
9.4 Types of Failures	p. 318
9.4.1 Fracture	p. 318
9.4.2 Fatigue	p. 321
9.4.3 Creep	p. 323
9.4.4 Corrosion	p. 324
9.5 Summary	p. 330
Exercises	p. 330
References	p. 331
Chapter 10 Steel	p. 332
10.1 Introduction	p. 332
10.2 Advantages of Steel	p. 332
10.3 Limitations of Steel	p. 333
10.4 Iron-and Steel-making	p. 334
10.4.1 Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS)	p. 335
10.4.2 Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)	p. 336
10.5 Wrought Iron	p. 337
10.6 Cast Iron	p. 338
10.7 Carbon Steel	p. 338
10.8 Structural Steel	p. 340
10.8.1 Hot-Rolled Steel	p. 342
10.8.2 Cold-formed Steel	p. 344
10.8.3 Reinforcing bars	p. 345
10.9 Heat Treatment of Steel	p. 347
10.9.1 Quenching	p. 347
10.9.2 Tempering	p. 347
10.9.3 Annealing	p. 348
10.10 Mechanical Properties of Steel	p. 348
10.10.1 Tension test	p. 348
10.10.2 Poisson's Ratio (v)	p. 351
10.10.3 Shear Modulus of Elasticity (G)	p. 351
10.11 Summary	p. 352
Exercises	p. 353
References	p. 355
Chapter 11 Polymers, Ceramics, and Composites	p. 357
11.1 Introduction	p. 357
11.2 Polymers	p. 357
11.2.1 Chemistry	p. 359
11.2.2 Thermosetting and Thermoplastic Polymers	p. 361
11.2.3 Mechanical Properties	p. 362
11.2.4 Degradation	p. 362
11.3 Ceramics	p. 363
11.3.1 Chemistry	p. 364
11.3.2 Mechanical Properties	p. 365
11.3.3 Glass-Ceramics	p. 366
11.4 Composites	p. 367
11.4.1 Fiber-Reinforced Plastics	p. 367
11.4.2 Metal Matrix Composites	p. 370
11.4.3 Ceramic Matrix Composites	p. 371
11.4.4 Failure	p. 371
11.4.5 Applications	p. 371
11.5 Summary	p. 372
Exercises	p. 372
References	p. 373
Chapter 12 Wood	p. 374
12.1 Introduction	p. 374
12.2 Advantages of Lumber	p. 376
12.3 Limitations of Wood	p. 376
12.4 Structure of Wood	p. 377
12.5 Types of Wood	p. 378
12.6 Chemical Composition of Wood	p. 380
12.7 Anisotropic Behavior of Wood	p. 380
12.8 Conversion and Processing of Wood	p. 381
12.8.1 Flat or Plain Sawing	p. 382
12.8.2 Quarter Sawing	p. 382
12.8.3 Rift sawing	p. 382
12.3 Seasoning of Wood	p. 382
12.10 Defects in Wood	p. 383
12.11 Degradation of Wood and Preservative Treatment	p. 385
12.11.1 Degradation of wood	p. 386
12.11.2 Protective Coatings and Preservative Treatments	p. 386
12.12 Physical Properties of Wood	p. 387
12.12.1 Density and Specific Gravity	p. 387
12.17.1 Moisture Content	p. 387
12.13 Mechanical Properties of Lumber	p. 388
12.13.1 Modulus of Elasticity	p. 389
12.13.2 Compressive Strength	p. 389
12.13.3 Modulus of Rupture	p. 389
12.13.4 Tensile Strength	p. 389
12.13.5 Creep	p. 390
12.13.6 Determination of Mechanical Properties	p. 390
12.14 Engineered Lumber Products	p. 390
12.14.1 Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)	p. 391
12.14.2 Clued Laminated Lumber (Glulam)	p. 392
12.14.3 Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)	p. 392
12.14.4 1-Beams	p. 392
12.14.5 Plywood	p. 392
12.15 Summary	p. 393
Exercises	p. 393
References	p. 395
Chapter 13 Sustainability of Construction Materials	p. 396
13.1 Introduction	p. 396
13.2 Sustainable Development	p. 396
13.2.1 Embodied Energy and Operational Energy	p. 398
13.2.2 Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)	p. 400
13.3 Sustainability of Construction Materials	p. 402
13.3.1 Cement and Concrete	p. 403
13.3.2 Steel	p. 406
13.3.3 Wood	p. 406
13.3.4 Soils, Rocks, and Aggregates	p. 407
13.3.5 Asphalt Concrete	p. 408
13.4 Summary	p. 409
Exercises	p. 410
References	p. 411
Appendix A Unit Conversions	p. 413
Index	p. 415

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