Chemical Admixtures for Concrete

Title:

Personal Author:

Rixom, M. R., author

Edition:

Third edition

Physical Description:

xvii, 437 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9780367447540

Abstract:

Chemical admixtures are used in concrete mixtures to produce engineering properties such as rapid hardening, water-proofing or resistance to cold. Chemical Admixtures for Concrete surveys recent developments in admixture technology, explaining the mechanisms by which admixtures produce their effects and the various admixtures available, their selection and use. Chemical Admixtures for Concrete pays particular attention to good practice and includes a detailed chapter on the international standards currently in force. This new edition is fully updated and revised with an entirely new chapter on admixtures for special applications. It is a valuable practical guide for civil engineers, consultants, contractors, cement and concrete suppliers and industrial chemists.

Subject Term:

Concrete -- Additives

Added Author:

Mailvaganam, N. P. (Noel P.), 1938-,

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010371612	TP884.A3 R59 1999	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

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Summary

Chemical admixtures are used in concrete mixtures to produce particular engineering properties such as rapid hardening, water-proofing or resistance to cold. Chemical Admixtures for Concretesurveys recent developments in admixture technology, explaining the mechanisms by which admixtures produce their effects, the various types of admixtures available, their selection and use.
Because of the economies they can offer, admixtures are being used increasingly in civil engineering projects worldwide. The book pays particular attention to good practice and includes a detailed chapter on the international standards currently in force.

Author Notes

Roger Rixom, Vice President - Construction Chemicals, Arr-maz products, Florida, USA.
Noel Mailvaganam, Principal Research Officer, Institute for Research in Construction (IRC), National Research Council of Canada, Canada.

Disclaimer	p. xiv
Foreword to third edition	p. xv
Acknowledgements	p. xviii
1 Water-reducing agents	p. 1
1.1 Background and definitions	p. 1
1.2 The chemistry of water-reducing admixtures	p. 5
1.2.1 Lignosulfonates	p. 5
1.2.2 Hydroxycarboxylic acids	p. 9
1.2.3 Hydroxylated polymers	p. 11
1.3 The effects of water-reducing admixtures on the water-cement system	p. 11
1.3.1 Rheological considerations	p. 12
1.3.2 Initial surface effects	p. 14
1.3.3 Effects on the products and kinetics of hydration	p. 22
1.3.4 Interpretation in terms of a mode of action	p. 29
1.4 The effects of water-reducing admixtures on the properties of concrete	p. 30
1.5 The effects of water-reducing admixtures on the properties of plastic concrete	p. 30
1.5.1 Air entrainment	p. 30
1.5.2 Workability	p. 31
1.5.3 Workability loss	p. 34
1.5.4 Water reduction	p. 36
1.5.5 Setting characteristics of fresh concrete containing water-reducing admixtures	p. 40
1.5.6 The stability of fresh concrete containing water-reducing admixtures	p. 41
1.5.7 Mix design considerations	p. 43
1.6 The effects of water-reducing admixtures on the properties of hardened concrete	p. 45
1.6.1 Structural design parameters	p. 45
1.6.2 Durability aspects	p. 50
1.6.3 Durability guidelines	p. 72
References	p. 73
2 Superplasticizers	p. 77
2.1 Background and definitions	p. 77
2.2 The chemistry of superplasticizers	p. 77
2.2.1 Sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde	p. 78
2.2.2 Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde	p. 79
2.2.3 Polyacrylates	p. 80
2.3 Effects on the water-cement system	p. 81
2.3.1 Rheological effects	p. 81
2.3.2 Zeta potential	p. 82
2.3.3 Adsorption	p. 83
2.3.4 Effects on the products and kinetics of hydration	p. 84
2.3.5 Interpretation in terms of a mode of action	p. 88
2.4 Effects of superplasticizers on the properties of concrete	p. 89
2.5 The effects of superplasticizers on the properties of plastic concrete	p. 90
2.5.1 Air entrainment	p. 90
2.5.2 Workability	p. 91
2.5.3 Setting time	p. 93
2.6 The effects of superplasticizers on the properties of hardened concrete	p. 93
2.6.1 Compressive strength	p. 94
2.6.2 Shrinkage and creep	p. 99
2.6.3 Freeze-thaw durability	p. 101
2.6.4 Sulfate resistance	p. 101
References	p. 101
3 Air-entraining agents	p. 104
3.1 Background and definitions	p. 104
3.1.1 Durability	p. 104
3.1.2 Cohesion	p. 105
3.1.3 Density	p. 105
3.2 The chemistry of air-entraining agents	p. 106
3.2.1 Neutralized wood resins	p. 106
3.2.2 Fatty-acid salts	p. 107
3.2.3 Alkyl-aryl sulfonates	p. 107
3.2.4 Alkyl sulfates	p. 107
3.2.5 Phenol ethoxylates	p. 108
3.3 The effects of air-entraining agents on the water-cement system	p. 108
3.3.1 Rheology	p. 109
3.3.2 Air content and characteristics	p. 110
3.3.3 Distribution between solid and aqueous phases	p. 115
3.3.4 Effects on the hydration chemistry of cement	p. 116
3.3.5 Interpretation as a mechanism of action	p. 119
3.4 The effect of air-entraining agents on the properties of plastic concrete	p. 120
3.4.1 Volume of air entrained	p. 120
3.4.2 The stability of the entrained air	p. 128
3.4.3 Workability	p. 132
3.4.4 Water reduction	p. 132
3.4.5 Mix stability	p. 133
3.4.6 Mix design requirements	p. 133
3.5 The effects of air-entraining agents on the properties of hardened concrete	p. 135
3.5.1 Structural design parameters	p. 135
3.5.2 Durability aspects	p. 137
References	p. 147
4 Concrete dampproofers	p. 149
4.1 Background and definitions	p. 149
4.2 The chemistry of concrete dampproofers	p. 150
4.2.1 Materials which react with cement hydration products	p. 151
4.2.2 Materials which coalesce on contact with cement hydration products	p. 152
4.2.3 Finely divided hydrophobic materials	p. 152
4.3 The effects of dampproofers on the water-cement system	p. 153
4.3.1 Bleeding of cement pastes	p. 153
4.3.2 Hydration of cement pastes	p. 153
4.3.3 Effects on the capillary system of hardened paste	p. 153
4.4 The effects of dampproofers on the properties of plastic concrete	p. 156
4.5 The effects of dampproofers on the properties of hardened concrete	p. 157
4.5.1 Structural design parameters	p. 157
4.5.2 Durability aspects	p. 158
References	p. 160
5 Accelerators	p. 162
5.1 Background and definitions	p. 162
5.2 The chemistry of accelerators	p. 163
5.2.1 Calcium chloride	p. 163
5.2.2 Calcium formate	p. 163
5.2.3 Triethanolamine	p. 164
5.3 The effects of accelerators on the water-cement system	p. 164
5.3.1 Rheological effects	p. 164
5.3.2 Chemical effects	p. 164
5.3.3 Effects on cement hydration	p. 167
5.3.4 Mechanism of action	p. 176
5.4 The effects of accelerators on the properties of plastic concrete	p. 178
5.4.1 Effect on heat evolution	p. 178
5.4.2 Effect on setting time	p. 180
5.5 The effects of accelerators on the properties of hardened concrete	p. 181
5.5.1 Structural design parameters	p. 181
5.5.2 Durability aspects	p. 182
References	p. 197
6 Special purpose admixtures	p. 199
6.1 Introduction	p. 199
6.2 Alkali-aggregate expansion-reducing admixtures	p. 200
6.2.1 Alkali-aggregate reaction	p. 200
6.2.2 Types of admixtures	p. 201
6.2.3 Mode of action	p. 206
6.2.4 Effects on the plastic and hardened properties of mortar and concrete	p. 207
6.3 Antifreeze admixtures	p. 208
6.3.1 Chemical composition and mode of action	p. 209
6.4 Antiwashout admixtures	p. 212
6.4.1 Categories	p. 212
6.4.2 Formulating non-dispersible underwater concrete	p. 214
6.4.3 Effects produced on plastic and hardened concrete	p. 215
6.4.4 Factors affecting the performance of antiwashout admixtures	p. 216
6.4.5 Mixture and storage	p. 217
6.4.6 Applications	p. 219
6.5 Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures	p. 219
6.5.1 Material parameters	p. 220
6.5.2 Types of corrosion inhibitors	p. 220
6.5.3 Research on other corrosion inhibitors	p. 226
6.6 Calcium-sulfoaluminate-based expanding admixtures	p. 227
6.6.1 Chemical composition	p. 228
6.6.2 Mode of action	p. 228
6.6.3 Mix proportioning, mixing and curing	p. 230
6.6.4 Factors influencing the reaction	p. 231
6.6.5 Effects on the plastic and hardened properties of mortar and concrete	p. 234
6.6.6 Applications	p. 235
6.7 Polymer-based admixtures	p. 235
6.7.1 Categories	p. 236
6.7.2 Material parameters influencing performance	p. 238
6.7.3 Modification of the cementitious matrix	p. 239
6.7.4 Mix proportioning	p. 241
6.7.5 Mixing, placing and curing	p. 242
6.7.6 Properties of latex-modified mortar and concrete	p. 243
6.7.7 Applications	p. 248
6.7.8 Standards and specifications	p. 249
6.8 Admixtures for recycling concrete waste	p. 249
6.8.1 Chemical composition and mechanism of action	p. 252
6.8.2 Effects on hardened properties of concrete	p. 252
6.9 Shotcrete admixtures	p. 252
6.9.1 Types of admixtures and mode of action	p. 255
6.9.2 Factors influencing the effects of the admixture	p. 260
6.9.3 Effects on the plastic and hardened properties of concrete and mortars	p. 261
6.9.4 Guidelines for use	p. 263
6.10 Shrinkage-reducing admixtures	p. 265
6.10.1 Effects on the fresh concrete properties	p. 268
6.10.2 Effects on the hardened properties of concrete	p. 268
6.10.3 Factors affecting the performance of shrinkage-reducing admixtures	p. 269
References	p. 271
7 Applications of admixtures	p. 276
7.1 Introduction	p. 276
7.1.1 Reasons for use of admixtures	p. 278
7.2 Air-entraining admixtures	p. 278
7.2.1 Control measures used to ensure proper air entrainment	p. 281
7.2.2 Methods of placing	p. 283
7.2.3 Air-entraining admixture/superplasticizer compatibility	p. 284
7.2.4 Composite air-entraining-water-reducing admixtures	p. 285
7.3 Normal-setting water-reducing admixtures	p. 288
7.3.1 Ready-mixed concrete	p. 289
7.3.2 High-strength/high-performance concrete	p. 292
7.3.3 High-workability mixes	p. 297
7.3.4 Pumping	p. 297
7.3.5 'Watertight' concrete	p. 299
7.3.6 Piling	p. 300
7.4 Set-retarding and water-reducing admixtures	p. 300
7.4.1 Retarded concrete for large pours	p. 301
7.4.2 Slip-forming	p. 304
7.4.3 Marine structures	p. 309
7.4.4 Tilt-up construction	p. 311
7.5 Accelerating admixtures	p. 312
7.5.1 Purpose and advantages resulting from the use of accelerators	p. 312
7.5.2 Non-chloride admixtures	p. 313
7.5.3 Accelerators for use in blended cement (fly ash or slag) mixtures	p. 313
7.6 Superplasticizers (high-range water reducers)	p. 314
7.6.1 Flowing concrete	p. 315
7.6.2 High-range water-reduced concrete	p. 325
7.6.3 High-performance concrete and mortar	p. 329
7.7 Viscosity-enhancing admixtures	p. 340
7.7.1 Grouting applications	p. 341
7.7.2 Underwater concrete	p. 345
7.7.3 Formulation of construction products	p. 348
7.8 Damp-proofing admixtures	p. 349
7.9 Recycling of cementitious wastes	p. 350
7.10 Hot-weather concreting	p. 351
7.11 Cold-weather concreting	p. 359
7.11.1 Acceleration of hydration and depression of freezing point of the water mix	p. 362
7.11.2 Reduction of freezable water	p. 365
7.11.3 Case studies	p. 366
7.12 Economic aspects of admixture use	p. 367
7.12.1 Economies in mix proportioning	p. 368
7.12.2 Economies from improved durability	p. 369
7.12.3 Economies from improved placing characteristics and construction methods	p. 370
7.12.4 Precast concrete	p. 372
7.12.5 Economic benefits of cold-weather admixtures	p. 375
7.12.6 Economic benefits from the recycling of plastic concrete and wash water	p. 377
7.13 Guidelines for the use of admixtures	p. 377
7.13.1 Evaluation and selection	p. 378
7.13.2 Admixture uniformity	p. 380
7.13.3 Precautions in the use of admixtures	p. 380
7.13.4 Mix proportioning using computers	p. 382
7.13.5 Safety and hygienic aspects in the handling of admixtures	p. 383
7.13.6 Admixture problems - limitations and incompatibility	p. 383
7.14 Batching and dispensing of admixtures	p. 402
7.14.1 Manufacture	p. 403
7.14.2 Packaging and delivery	p. 404
7.14.3 Labels	p. 406
7.14.4 Storage	p. 407
7.14.5 Dispensing of admixtures	p. 409
7.14.6 Dispensing equipment	p. 412
7.14.7 Calibration and maintenance of batching systems	p. 421
7.14.8 Computer batching	p. 422
References	p. 424
Index	p. 431

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Table of Contents