Ultra-wideband : antennas and propagation for communications, radar and imaging

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Publication Information:

Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley, 2007

ISBN:

9780470032558

Subject Term:

Ultra-wideband antennas

Broadband communication systems

Added Author:

Allen, Ben (Benjamin Hugh)

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010160614	TK7871.67.U45 U44 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Providing up-to-date material for UWB antennas and propagation as used in a wide variety of applications, "Ultra-wideband Antennas and Propagation for Communications, Radar and Imaging" includes fundamental theory, practical design information and extensive discussion of UWB applications from biomedical imaging, through to radar and wireless communications.

An in-depth treatment of ultra-wideband signals in practical environments is given, including interference, coexistence and diversity considerations. The text includes antennas and propagation in biological media in addition to more conventional environments. The topics covered are approached with the aim of helping practising engineers to view the subject from a different angle, and to consider items as variables that were treated as constants in narrowband and wideband systems.

Features tables of propagation data, photographs of antenna systems and graphs of results (e.g. radiation patterns, propagation characteristics) Covers the fundamentals of antennas and propagation, as well as offering an in-depth treatment of antenna elements and arrays for UWB systems, and UWB propagation models Provides a description of the underlying concepts for the design of antennas and arrays for conventional as well as ultra-wideband systems Draws together UWB theory by using case-studies to show applications of antennas and propagation in communication, radar and imaging systems

The book highlights the unique design issues of using ultra-wideband and will serve both as an introductory text and a reference guide for designers and students alike.

Author Notes

Ben Allen completed his MSc and PhD degrees at the University of Bristol, U.K., in 1997 and 2001 respectively.Having undertaken post-doctorial research in the areas of smart antennas andMIMOwireless systems, he then became a lecturer at the Centre for Telecommunications Research, King''s College London where he co-founded the UWB research group. He is now with the Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford. He has published numerous journal and conference papers in the above areas as well as a book on smart antennas. He has been in receipt of the IEE J Langham Thomson Premium and the ARMMS Best Paper Award, both for publications relating to UWB. He is a senior member of the IEEE, chartered engineer, member of the IEE, and a member of the IEE''s Professional Network Executive Committee on Antennas and Propagation.

Mischa Dohler obtained his MSc degree in Telecommunications from King''s College London, UK, in 1999, his Diploma in Electrical Engineering from Dresden University of Technology, Germany, in 2000, and his PhD from King''s College London in 2003. Hewas a lecturer at the Centre for Telecommunications Research, King''s College London, until June 2005. He is now a Senior Research Expert in the R&D department of France Telecom working on cognitive and sensor networks. Prior to Telecommunications, he studied Physics in Moscow. He has won various competitions in Mathematics and Physics, and participated in the 3rd round of the International Physics Olympics for Germany. He is a member of the IEEE and has been the Student Representative of the IEEE UKRI Section, member of the Student Activity Committee of IEEE Region 8 and the London Technology Network Business Fellow for King''s College London. He has published over 50 technical journal and conference papers, holds several patents, co-edited and contributed to several books, and has given numerous international short courses. He has been a TPC member and co-chair of various conferences and is an editor of the EURASIP journal, the IEEE Communication Letters, and the IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

Ernest E. Okon received the PhD degree in Electronic Engineering from King''s College London in 2001 and the MSc (with distinction) and BSc (honours) degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Lagos in 1996 and 1992 respectively. His research interest is in electromagnetic modelling techniques, wide band antennas and arrays, sensor networks and RF circuits and devices. He taught undergraduate and postgraduate courses on antennas and propagation whilst at King''s College London. He joined BAE Systems Advanced Technology Centre UK in 2001 and is currently a research scientist working on electromagnetic problems, MEMS, antennas and arrays. He has written numerous reports, and published journal and conference papers. He is a member of the IEE, IEEE and Optical Society of America. He is also listed in Who''s Who in the World, Marquis USA.

Wasim Q. Malik received his DPhil degree in Communications Engineering from the University of Oxford, UK, in 2005. Since then, he has been a Research Fellow at the University of Oxford, where his research focuses on ultrawideband propagation, antenna array systems, cognitive radio, and nanoscale sensors. He also holds a Junior Research Fellowship in Science at Wolfson College, Oxford, where he researches microwave tomographic imaging. Dr. Malik has published over 50 research papers in refereed journals and conferences, and has delivered keynote and invited talks at a number of conferences. He is a Guest Editor for the IEE Proceedings on Microwaves Antennas and Propagations forthcoming special issue on "Antenna systems and propagation for future wireless communications". He has also been the General Co-Chair and Technical Program Committee Member at several international conferences. Dr. Malik received the Best Paper Award in the ARMMS RF and Microwave Conf., UK, Apr. 2006, the Recognition of Service Award from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in 1997, and won the National Inter-University Computer Science Contest, Pakistan, in 1998. He is a member of the IEEE and the IET, and serves on the UK Task Group on Mobile and Terrestrial Propagation.

Anthony K. Brown is a Professor in Communications Engineering and leads the Microwave and Communication Systems research group at the University of Manchester (UK). He joined academia in 2003 having spent 28 years in industry, most recently for Easat Antennas Ltd where he is retained as company Chairman. He is a recognised expert in antennas and propagation as applied to radar and communications systems. Professor Brown is a member of the Technical Advisory Commission to the Federal Communication Commission (USA)- and is a UK representative to the EU''s COST Action 284 Management Committee. He has advised various international bodies including in Canada, Malaysia and USA. He has been a Steering Board member of the Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES USA), and is past recipient of the Founders Award from that organisation. He has served on many national and international committees (including for IEEE and IEE, EUROCAE and ARINC). He was a founder member of the EPSRC Communications College. Professor Brown is a frequent invited lecturer on antennas and related topics, most recently including application of such techniques to Ultra Wide Band communications. He is a listed expert on UWB systems by the Paris Ultra Wide Band Organisation (http://timederivative.com/pubs.html). Prof Brown is a Fellow of the IEE and the IMA and is a Charted Engineer and Mathematician.

David J.Edwards has been an academic for 17 years after 12 years spent in the industry (BritishTelecom). He has a strong record of innovation in communications systems, electromagnetic measurements, ground probing radar and subsurface imaging radar. He has authored or co-authored in excess of 200 publications in his time as an academic. He has been in receipt of a number of awards and prizes (IEE Prize for Innovation, NPL Metrology award, IEE Mountbatten Premium (2 papers) and IEEE Neil Sheppy prize) for his work and has been extremely well supported by funding from research councils, industry and government agencies. He has a track record of wide collaboration within theUKand internationally. Prof. Edwards is serving and has served on a range of international committees in communications and related fields. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Andreas F. MolischWasim Q. Malik and David J. EdwardsMischa DohlerMischa DohlerErnest E. OkonBen AllenJunsheng Liu and Wasim Q. Malik and David J. Edwards and Mohammad GhavamiErnest E. OkonXiaodong ChenZhi Ning ChenPeter MasseyDirk ManteuffelErnest E. OkonMohammad Ghavami and Kaveh HeidaryMischa Dohler and Ben AllenDomenico PorcinoMischa Dohler and Junsheng Liu and R. Michael Buehrer and Swaroop Venkatesh and Ben AllenSwaroop Venkatesh and R. Michael Buehrer and Junsheng Liu and Mischa DohlerYang Hao and Akram Alomainy and Yan ZhaoWasim Q. Malik and Junsheng Liu and Ben Allen and David J. EdwardsAnthony K. BrownThomas Kaiser and Christiane Senger and Amr Eltaher and Bamrung Tau SieskulIan CraddockIan CraddockAnthony K. Brown

Editors	p. xv
Prime Contributors	p. xvii
Preface	p. xxi
Acknowledgments	p. xxvii
Abbreviations & Acronyms	p. xxix
1 Introduction to UWB Signals and Systems	p. 1
1.1 History of UWB	p. 1
1.2 Motivation	p. 3
1.2.1 Large Absolute Bandwidth	p. 3
1.2.2 Large Relative Bandwidth	p. 5
1.3 UWB Signals and Systems	p. 6
1.3.1 Impulse Radio	p. 6
1.3.2 DS-CDMA	p. 8
1.3.3 OFDM	p. 9
1.3.4 Frequency Hopping	p. 10
1.3.5 Radar	p. 11
1.3.6 Geolocation	p. 11
1.4 Frequency Regulation	p. 12
1.5 Applications, Operating Scenarios and Standardisation	p. 13
1.6 System Outlook	p. 15
References	p. 16
Part I Fundamentals	p. 19
Introduction to Part I	p. 21
2 Fundamental Electromagnetic Theory	p. 25
2.1 Introduction	p. 25
2.2 Maxwell's Equations	p. 25
2.2.1 Differential Formulation	p. 25
2.2.2 Interpretation	p. 26
2.2.3 Key to Antennas and Propagation	p. 27
2.2.4 Solving Maxwell's Equations	p. 28
2.2.5 Harmonic Representation	p. 29
2.3 Resulting Principles	p. 30
References	p. 30
3 Basic Antenna Elements	p. 31
3.1 Introduction	p. 31
3.2 Hertzian Dipole	p. 31
3.2.1 Far-Field - Fraunhofer Region	p. 33
3.2.2 Near-Field-Fresnel Region	p. 33
3.3 Antenna Parameters and Terminology	p. 34
3.3.1 Polarisation	p. 34
3.3.2 Power Density	p. 35
3.3.3 Radiated Power	p. 36
3.3.4 Radiation Resistance	p. 31
3.3.5 Antenna Impedance	p. 37
3.3.6 Equivalent Circuit	p. 37
3.3.7 Antenna Matching	p. 38
3.3.8 Effective Length and Area	p. 38
3.3.9 Friis' Transmission Formula	p. 39
3.3.10 Radiation Intensity	p. 39
3.3.11 Radiation Pattern	p. 39
3.3.12 (Antenna) Bandwidth	p. 41
3.3.13 Directive Gain, Directivity, Power Gain	p. 41
3.3.14 Radiation Efficiency	p. 42
3.4 Basic Antenna Elements	p. 42
3.4.1 Finite-Length Dipole	p. 42
3.4.2 Monopole	p. 44
3.4.3 Printed Antennas	p. 45
3.4.4 Wideband and Frequency-Independent Elements	p. 45
References	p. 47
4 Antenna Arrays	p. 49
4.1 Introduction	p. 49
4.2 Point Sources	p. 49
4.2.1 Point Sources with Equal Amplitude and Phase	p. 50
4.2.2 Point Sources with Equal Amplitude and 180 Degrees Phase Difference	p. 53
4.2.3 Point Sources of Unequal Amplitude and Arbitrary Phase Difference	p. 53
4.3 The Principle of Pattern Multiplication	p. 55
4.4 Linear Arrays of n Elements	p. 56
4.5 Linear Broadside Arrays with Nonuniform Amplitude Distributions	p. 58
4.5.1 The Binomial Distribution	p. 59
4.5.2 The Dolph-Tschebyscheff Distribution	p. 59
4.6 Planar Arrays	p. 62
4.6.1 Rectangular Arrays	p. 62
4.6.2 Circular Arrays	p. 63
4.7 Design Considerations	p. 65
4.7.1 Mutual Coupling	p. 65
4.7.2 Array Gain	p. 65
4.8 Summary	p. 66
References	p. 66
5 Beamforming	p. 67
5.1 Introduction	p. 67
5.1.1 Historical Aspects	p. 67
5.1.2 Concept of Spatial Signal Processing	p. 68
5.2 Antenna Arrays	p. 69
5.2.1 Linear Array	p. 70
5.2.2 Circular Array	p. 71
5.2.3 Planar Array	p. 72
5.2.4 Conformal Arrays	p. 72
5.3 Adaptive Array Systems	p. 73
5.3.1 Spatial Filtering	p. 73
5.3.2 Adaptive Antenna Arrays	p. 74
5.3.3 Mutual Coupling and Correlation	p. 74
5.4 Beamforming	p. 75
5.4.1 Adaptive Antenna Technology	p. 75
5.4.2 Beam Steering	p. 78
5.4.3 Grating Lobes	p. 83
5.4.4 Amplitude Weights	p. 84
5.4.5 Window Functions	p. 85
5.5 Summary	p. 86
References	p. 87
6 Antenna Diversity Techniques	p. 89
6.1 Introduction	p. 89
6.2 A Review of Fading	p. 89
6.2.1 Signal Fading	p. 90
6.2.2 Channel Distribution	p. 91
6.3 Receive Diversity	p. 93
6.3.1 Single Branch without Diversity	p. 93
6.3.2 General Combining Schemes for Receive Diversity	p. 95
6.3.3 Maximum Ratio Combining	p. 96
6.3.4 Equal Gain Combining	p. 98
6.3.5 Selection Combining and Switched Diversity	p. 99
6.3.6 Fading Correlation	p. 99
6.4 Transmit Diversity	p. 100
6.4.1 Channel Unknown to the Transmitter	p. 101
6.4.2 Channel Known to the Transmitter	p. 102
6.5 MIMO Diversity Systems	p. 102
References	p. 103
Part II Antennas for UWB Communications	p. 105
Introduction to Part II	p. 107
7 Theory of UWB Antenna Elements	p. 111
7.1 Introduction	p. 111
7.2 Mechanism of UWB Monopole Antennas	p. 112
7.2.1 Basic Features of a CPW-Fed Disc Monopole	p. 112
7.2.2 Design Analysis	p. 118
7.2.3 Operating Principle of UWB Monopole Antennas	p. 120
7.3 Planar UWB Monopole Antennas	p. 121
7.3.1 CPW-Fed Circular Disc Monopole	p. 121
7.3.2 Microstrip Line Fed Circular Disc Monopole	p. 125
7.3.3 Other Shaped Disc Monopoles	p. 129
7.4 Planar UWB Slot Antennas	p. 132
7.4.1 Microstrip/CPW Feed Slot Antenna Designs	p. 132
7.4.2 Performance of Elliptical/Circular Slot Antennas	p. 134
7.4.3 Design Analysis	p. 138
7.5 Time-Domain Characteristics of Monopoles	p. 140
7.5.1 Time-Domain Performance of Disc Monopoles	p. 142
7.5.2 Time-Domain Performance of Slot Antenna	p. 143
7.6 Summary	p. 144
Acknowledgements	p. 144
References	p. 144
8 Antenna Elements for Impulse Radio	p. 147
8.1 Introduction	p. 147
8.2 UWB Antenna Classification and Design Considerations	p. 148
8.2.1 Classification of UWB Antennas	p. 148
8.2.2 Design Considerations	p. 150
8.3 Omnidirectional and Directional Designs	p. 153
8.3.1 Omnidirectional Roll Antenna	p. 153
8.3.2 Directional Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna	p. 155
8.4 Summary	p. 160
References	p. 161
9 Planar Dipole-like Antennas for Consumer Products	p. 163
9.1 Introduction	p. 163
9.2 Computer Modelling and Measurement Techniques	p. 164
9.3 Bicone Antennas and the Lossy Transmission Line Model	p. 164
9.4 Planar Dipoles	p. 167
9.4.1 Bowtie Dipoles	p. 167
9.4.2 Elliptical Element Dipoles	p. 171
9.4.3 Fan Element Dipoles	p. 173
9.4.4 Diamond Dipoles	p. 176
9.5 Practical Antennas	p. 178
9.5.1 Printed Elliptical Dipoles	p. 178
9.5.2 Line-Matched Monopoles	p. 185
9.5.3 Vivaldi Antenna	p. 189
9.6 Summary	p. 194
Acknowledgements	p. 195
References	p. 195
10 UWB Antenna Elements for Consumer Electronic Applications	p. 197
10.1 Introduction	p. 197
10.2 Numerical Modelling and Extraction of the UWB Characterisation	p. 199
10.2.1 FDTD Modelling	p. 199
10.2.2 UWB Antenna Characterisation by Spatio-Temporal Transfer Functions	p. 201
10.2.3 Calculation of Typical UWB Antenna Measures from the Transfer Function of the Antenna	p. 202
10.2.4 Example	p. 204
10.3 Antenna Design and Integration	p. 205
10.3.1 Antenna Element Design and Optimisation	p. 206
10.3.2 Antenna Integration into a DVD Player	p. 208
10.3.3 Antenna Integration into a Mobile Device	p. 211
10.3.4 Conclusion	p. 213
10.4 Propagation Modelling	p. 214
10.5 System Analysis	p. 215
10.6 Conclusions	p. 218
References	p. 220
11 Ultra-wideband Arrays	p. 221
11.1 Introduction	p. 221
11.2 Linear Arrays	p. 221
11.2.1 Broadside Array	p. 222
11.2.2 End-fire Array	p. 222
11.2.3 End-fire Array with Increased Directivity	p. 224
11.2.4 Scanning Arrays	p. 224
11.3 Null and Maximum Directions for Uniform Arrays	p. 225
11.3.1 Null Directions	p. 225
11.3.2 Maximum Directions	p. 226
11.3.3 Circle Representations	p. 228
11.4 Phased Arrays	p. 230
11.4.1 Element Spacing Required to Avoid Grating Lobes	p. 231
11.5 Elements for UWB Array Design	p. 232
11.6 Modelling Considerations	p. 234
11.7 Feed Configurations	p. 234
11.7.1 Active Array	p. 235
11.7.2 Passive Array	p. 235
11.8 Design Considerations	p. 238
11.9 Summary	p. 239
References	p. 240
12 UWB Beamforming	p. 241
12.1 Introduction	p. 241
12.2 Basic Concept	p. 242
12.3 A Simple Delay-line Transmitter Wideband Array	p. 243
12.3.1 Angles of Grating Lobes	p. 246
12.3.2 Inter-null Beamwidth	p. 248
12.4 UWB Mono-pulse Arrays	p. 249
12.4.1 Problem Formulation	p. 249
12.4.2 Computed Results	p. 251
12.5 Summary	p. 257
References	p. 258
Part III Propagation Measurements and Modelling for UWB Communications	p. 259
Introduction to Part III	p. 261
13 Analysis of UWB Signal Attenuation Through Typical Building Materials	p. 265
13.1 Introduction	p. 265
13.2 A Brief Overview of Channel Characteristics	p. 267
13.3 The Materials Under Test	p. 270
13.4 Experimental Campaign	p. 272
13.4.1 Equipment Configuration	p. 275
13.4.2 Results	p. 278
13.5 Conclusions	p. 281
References	p. 281
14 Large- and Medium-scale Propagation Modelling	p. 283
14.1 Introduction	p. 283
14.2 Deterministic Models	p. 284
14.2.1 Free-space Pathloss - Excluding the Effect of Antennas	p. 284
14.2.2 Free-space Pathloss - Considering the Effect of Antennas	p. 287
14.2.3 Breakpoint Model	p. 291
14.2.4 Ray-tracing and FDTD Approaches	p. 296
14.3 Statistical-Empirical Models	p. 297
14.3.1 Pathloss Coefficient	p. 297
14.3.2 Shadowing	p. 301
14.4 Standardised Reference Models	p. 303
14.4.1 IEEE 802.15.3a	p. 304
14.4.2 IEEE 802.15.4a	p. 304
14.5 Conclusions	p. 306
References	p. 306
15 Small-scale Ultra-wideband Propagation Modelling	p. 309
15.1 Introduction	p. 309
15.2 Small-scale Channel Modelling	p. 310
15.2.1 Statistical Characterisation of the Channel Impulse Response	p. 310
15.2.2 Deconvolution Methods and the Clean Algorithm	p. 312
15.2.3 The Saleh-Valenzuela Model	p. 312
15.2.4 Other Temporal Models	p. 316
15.3 Spatial Modelling	p. 321
15.4 IEEE 802.15.3a Standard Model	p. 324
15.5 IEEE 802.15.4a Standard Model	p. 325
15.6 Summary	p. 327
References	p. 327
16 Antenna Design and Propagation Measurements and Modelling for UWB Wireless BAN	p. 331
16.1 Introduction	p. 331
16.2 Propagation Channel Measurements and Characteristics	p. 332
16.2.1 Antenna Element Design Requirements for WBAN	p. 332
16.2.2 Antennas for UWB Wireless BAN Applications	p. 333
16.2.3 On-Body Radio Channel Measurements	p. 335
16.2.4 Propagation Channel Characteristics	p. 338
16.3 WBAN Channel Modelling	p. 345
16.3.1 Radio Channel Modelling Considerations	p. 346
16.3.2 Two-Dimensional On-Body Propagation Channels	p. 349
16.3.3 Three-Dimensional On-Body Propagation Channels	p. 350
16.3.4 Pathloss Modelling	p. 351
16.4 UWB System-Level Modelling of Potential Body-Centric Networks	p. 353
16.4.1 System-Level Modelling	p. 353
16.4.2 Performance Analysis	p. 354
16.5 Summary	p. 355
References	p. 358
17 Ultra-wideband Spatial Channel Characteristics	p. 361
17.1 Introduction	p. 361
17.2 Preliminaries	p. 361
17.3 UWB Spatial Channel Representation	p. 362
17.4 Characterisation Techniques	p. 363
17.5 Increase in the Communication Rate	p. 364
17.5.1 UWB Channel Capacity	p. 364
17.5.2 Capacity with CSIR Only	p. 365
17.5.3 Capacity with CSIT	p. 366
17.5.4 Statistical Characterisation	p. 366
17.5.5 Experimental Evaluation of Capacity	p. 367
17.6 Signal Quality Improvement	p. 370
17.6.1 UWB SNR Gain	p. 371
17.6.2 SNR Gain with CSIR Only	p. 371
17.6.3 SNR Gain with CSIT	p. 371
17.6.4 Statistical Characterisation	p. 372
17.6.5 Experimental Evaluation of Diversity	p. 372
17.6.6 Coverage Range Extension	p. 375
17.7 Performance Parameters	p. 375
17.7.1 Spatial Fading Correlation	p. 375
17.7.2 Eigen Spectrum	p. 377
17.7.3 Angular Spread	p. 379
17.7.4 Array Orientation	p. 379
17.7.5 Channel Memory	p. 380
17.7.6 Channel Information Quality	p. 380
17.8 Summary	p. 381
References	p. 381
Part IV UWB Radar, Imaging and Ranging	p. 385
Introduction to Part IV	p. 387
18 Localisation in NLOS Scenarios with UWB Antenna Arrays	p. 389
18.1 Introduction	p. 389
18.2 Underlying Mathematical Framework	p. 394
18.3 Properties of UWB Beamforming	p. 398
18.4 Beamloc Approach	p. 401
18.5 Algorithmic Framework	p. 403
18.6 Time-delay Estimation	p. 404
18.7 Simulation Results	p. 406
18.8 Conclusions	p. 410
References	p. 410
19 Antennas for Ground-penetrating Radar	p. 413
19.1 Introduction	p. 413
19.2 GPR Example Applications	p. 413
19.2.1 GPR for Demining	p. 413
19.2.2 Utility Location and Road Inspection	p. 414
19.2.3 Archaeology and Forensics	p. 416
19.2.4 Built-structure Imaging	p. 418
19.3 Analysis and GPR Design	p. 419
19.3.1 Typical GPR Configuration	p. 419
19.3.2 RF Propagation in Lossy Media	p. 420
19.3.3 Radar Waveform Choice	p. 423
19.3.4 Other Antenna Design Criteria	p. 424
19.4 Antenna Elements	p. 425
19.4.1 Dipole, Resistively Loaded Dipole and Monopoles	p. 425
19.4.2 Bicone and Bowtie	p. 426
19.4.3 Horn Antennas	p. 428
19.4.4 Vivaldi Antenna	p. 428
19.4.5 CPW-fed Slot Antenna	p. 429
19.4.6 Spiral Antennas	p. 429
19.5 Antenna Measurements, Analysis and Simulation	p. 430
19.5.1 Antenna Measurement	p. 430
19.5.2 Antenna Analysis and Simulation	p. 432
19.6 Conclusions	p. 433
Acknowledgements	p. 434
References	p. 434
20 Wideband Antennas for Biomedical Imaging	p. 437
20.1 Introduction	p. 437
20.2 Detection and Imaging	p. 437
20.2.1 Breast Cancer Detection Using Radio Waves	p. 437
20.2.2 Radio-wave Imaging of the Breast	p. 438
20.3 Waveform Choice and Antenna Design Criteria	p. 440
20.4 Antenna Elements	p. 441
20.4.1 Dipoles, Resistively Loaded Dipoles and Monopoles	p. 441
20.4.2 Bowtie	p. 442
20.4.3 Horn Antennas	p. 443
20.4.4 Spiral Antennas	p. 443
20.4.5 Stacked-patch Antennas	p. 444
20.5 Measurements, Analysis and Simulation	p. 445
20.5.1 Antenna Measurement	p. 445
20.5.2 Antenna Analysis and Simulation	p. 446
20.6 Conclusions	p. 447
Acknowledgements	p. 448
References	p. 448
21 UWB Antennas for Radar and Related Applications	p. 451
21.1 Introduction	p. 451
21.2 Medium- and Long-Range Radar	p. 452
21.3 UWB Reflector Antennas	p. 453
21.3.1 Definitions	p. 453
21.3.2 Equivalent Aperture Model for Impulse Radiation	p. 454
21.3.3 Parabolic Antenna	p. 456
21.4 UWB Feed Designs	p. 459
21.4.1 Feed Pattern Effects	p. 460
21.4.2 Phase Centre Location	p. 460
21.4.3 Input Impedance	p. 460
21.4.4 Polarisation	p. 460
21.4.5 Blockage Effects	p. 461
21.5 Feeds with Low Dispersion	p. 461
21.5.1 Planar Spiral Antennas	p. 461
21.5.2 TEM Feeds	p. 462
21.5.3 Impulse Radiating Antenna (IRA)	p. 466
21.6 Summary	p. 468
References	p. 468
Index	p. 471

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