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Summary
Summary
Analytical and comprehensive, this state-of-the-art book, examines the mechanics and engineering of unsaturated soils, as well as explaining the laboratory and field testing and research that are the logical basis of this modern approach to safe construction in these hazardous geomaterials; putting them into a logical framework for civil engineering and design.
The book:
illustrates the importance of state-dependent soil-water characteristic curves highlights modern soil testing of unsaturated soil behaviour, including accurate measurement of total volume changes and the measurement of anisotropic soil stiffness at very small strains introduces an advanced state-dependent elasto-plastic constitutive model for both saturated and unsaturated soil demonstrates the power of numerical analysis which is at the heart of modern soil mechanics studies and simulates the behaviour of loose fills from unsaturated to saturated states; explains the difference between strain-softening and static liquefaction, and describes real applications in unsaturated soil slope engineering includes purpose-designed field trials to capture the effects of two independent stress variables, and reports comprehensive measurements of soil suction, water contents, stress changes and ground deformations in both bare and grassed slopes introduces a new conjunctive surface and subsurface transient flow model for realistically analysing rainfall infiltration in unsaturated soil slopes, and illustrates the importance of the flow model in slope engineering.Including constitutive and numerical modelling, this volume will interest students and professionals studying or working in the areas of geotechnical engineering and the built environment.
Author Notes
Charles W.W. Ng is Professor of Civil Engineering at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology where he is also Director of the Geotechnical Centrifuge Facility and Associate Dean of Engineering
Bruce Menzies is a winner of the British Geotechnical Association Prize 2002. He is Chairman of GDS
Reviews 1
Choice Review
Unsaturated soils comprise most of the Earth's surface where civil engineering structures are constructed. In the first two parts of this book, Ng (Hong Kong Univ. of Science and Technology) and Menzies (Geotechnical Digital Systems Ltd.) address physical and flow response and collapse, and swelling, strength, and stiffness of unsaturated soils. Engineering behavior such as strength, deformation, and transient flow are discussed in light of normal stress and metric suction. The book gives the limitations of existing measuring methods and also presents more simple and accurate experimental techniques. Theoretical equations are derived, and the combined approach is used in the understanding of inherent and stress-induced stiffness anisotropy. A fairly simple state-dependent theoretical model is shown to capture key aspects of engineering behavior along various stress paths. In part 3, state-dependent elastoplastic models are developed for unsaturated soils. In the last part of the book, the authors present field trials and numerical studies of slopes in such soils. The data from instrumented slopes is invaluable for calibrating constitutive models and numerical simulations, and will permit more accurate prediction of slope stability. This excellent book on unsaturated soils will be valuable for civil/geotechnical engineering collections. Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students through professionals. R. P. Khera New Jersey Institute of Technology
Table of Contents
| Authors' biographical details | p. xiii |
| Preface | p. xiv |
| Acknowledgements | p. xvii |
| Part 1 Physical and flow characteristics of unsaturated soils | p. 1 |
| Part 1 Frontispiece | p. 2 |
| Chapter synopses | p. 3 |
| 1 Basic physics, phases and stress state variables | p. 5 |
| Sources | p. 5 |
| Introduction (Fredlund, 1996) | p. 5 |
| Four-phase materials (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993) | p. 20 |
| Cavitation (Young, 1989; Marinho, 1995; Marinho and de Sousa Pinto, 1997) | p. 24 |
| 2 Measurement and control of suction: methods and applications | p. 31 |
| Sources | p. 31 |
| Theory of soil suction (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993) | p. 32 |
| The capillary model | p. 32 |
| Suction control and measurement methods (Ng and Chen, 2005, 2006; Ng et al., 2007a) | p. 36 |
| Suction measuring devices (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993; Ridley and Wray, 1995; Feng and Fredlund, 2003) | p. 63 |
| Case study: comparisons of in situ suction measurements (Harrison and Blight, 2000) | p. 87 |
| 3 Flow laws, seepage and state-dependent soil-water characteristics | p. 93 |
| Sources | p. 93 |
| Flow laws for water and air (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993) | p. 94 |
| Soil-water characteristic curves and water permeability functions (Fredlund et al., 2001a, 2002) | p. 122 |
| The state-dependent soil-water characteristic curve: a laboratory investigation (Ng and Pang, 2000a,b) | p. 147 |
| Generalised triaxial apparatus for determination of the state-dependent soil-water characteristic curve (Ng et al., 2001a) | p. 166 |
| Measurements of the state-dependent soil-water characteristic curve in a centrifuge (Khanzode et al., 2002) | p. 168 |
| Steady-state and transient flows (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993) | p. 174 |
| Analytical analysis of rainfall infiltration mechanism in unsaturated soils (Zhan and Ng, 2004) | p. 194 |
| Part 2 Collapse, swelling, strength and stiffness of unsaturated soils | p. 221 |
| Part 2 Frontispiece | p. 222 |
| Chapter synopses | p. 224 |
| 4 Collapse and swelling caused by wetting | p. 227 |
| Sources | p. 227 |
| Overview | p. 227 |
| Collapsible soils (Bell and Culshaw, 2001; Houston, 1995; Fredlund, 1996) | p. 228 |
| Concept of virgin and non-virgin fills (Ng et al., 1998) | p. 240 |
| Estimations of foundation settlements (Houston, 1995) | p. 249 |
| Mitigation measures against collapsible soils (Houston, 1995) | p. 250 |
| Expansive soils (Bell and Culshaw, 2001; Tripathy et al., 2002) | p. 252 |
| Design of foundations on expansive swelling soils (Jimenez-Salas, 1995) | p. 273 |
| 5 Measurement of shear strength and shear behaviour of unsaturated soils | p. 279 |
| Sources | p. 279 |
| Introduction to shear strength (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993) | p. 280 |
| A new simple system for measuring volume changes of unsaturated soils in the triaxial cell (Ng et al., 2002a) | p. 287 |
| Comparisons of axis-translation and osmotic techniques for shear testing of unsaturated soils (Ng et al., 2007) | p. 294 |
| Extended Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993) | p. 307 |
| The relationship of the unsaturated soil shear strength to the soil-water characteristic curve (Fredlund et al., 1996) | p. 313 |
| Effects of soil suction on dilatancy of an unsaturated soil (Ng and Zhou, 2005) | p. 326 |
| Behaviour of a loosely compacted unsaturated volcanic soil (Ng and Chiu, 2001) | p. 335 |
| Laboratory study of a loose saturated and unsaturated decomposed granitic soil (Ng and Chiu, 2003a) | p. 358 |
| 6 Measurement of shear stiffness | p. 380 |
| Sources | p. 380 |
| Introduction (Ng et al., 2000b) | p. 380 |
| Effects of initial water contents on small strain shear stiffness of sands (Qian et al., 1993) | p. 382 |
| Effects of suction on elastic shear modulus of quartz silt and decomposed granite (silty sand) | p. 394 |
| Anisotropic shear stiffness of completely decomposed tuff (clayey silt) (Ng and Yung, 2007) | p. 408 |
| Part 3 State-dependent elasto-plastic modelling of unsaturated soil | p. 431 |
| Part 3 Frontispiece | p. 432 |
| Chapter synopsis | p. 433 |
| 7 A state-dependent elasto-plastic critical state-based constitutive model | p. 435 |
| Sources | p. 435 |
| Introduction | p. 435 |
| Mathematical formulations | p. 436 |
| Determination of model parameters | p. 447 |
| Comparisons between model predictions and experimental results for decomposed granite | p. 457 |
| Comparisons between model predictions and experimental results for decomposed volcanic soil | p. 463 |
| Summary | p. 466 |
| Part 4 Field trials and numerical studies in slope engineering of unsaturated soils | p. 469 |
| Part 4 Frontispiece | p. 470 |
| Chapter synopses | p. 471 |
| 8 Instrumentation and performance: A case study in slope engineering | p. 473 |
| Source | p. 473 |
| The South-to-North Water Transfer Project, China (Ng et al., 2003) | p. 473 |
| 9 Engineering applications for slope stability | p. 501 |
| Sources | p. 501 |
| Methods of slope stability analysis in unsaturated soils (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993) | p. 502 |
| Three-dimensional numerical parametric study of rainfall infiltration into an unsaturated soil slope (Ng et al., 2001b) | p. 515 |
| Influence of state-dependent soil-water characteristic curve and wetting and drying on slope stability (Ng and Pang, 2000b) | p. 537 |
| Effects of state-dependent soil-water characteristic curves and damming on slope stability (Ng and Lai, 2004) | p. 547 |
| Fundamentals of recompaction of unsaturated loose fill slopes (Ng and Zhan, 2001) | p. 559 |
| Effects of surface cover and impeding layers on slope stability (Ng and Pang, 1998a) | p. 567 |
| Numerical experiments of soil nails in loose fill slopes subjected to rainfall infiltration effects (Cheuk et al., 2005) | p. 575 |
| Effects of conjunctive modelling on slope stability (Tung et al., 2004) | p. 599 |
| Appendix | p. 611 |
| Notation | p. 618 |
| References | p. 621 |
| Author Index | p. 648 |
| Subject Index | p. 654 |
