Natural fibers, plastics and composites

2. NANOPARTICLES IN A POLYMERIC MATRIX 346 2. 1 Classical Methods to Prepare Nanocomposites 348 2. 2 Other Methods to Prepare Nanocomposite Materials 350 3. NANOCOMPOSITES WITH NATURAL POLYMERS 351 3. 1 Materials and Processes 352 3. 2 Nanocomposites for Bioplastic Applications 353 3. 2. 1 Clay Modification 354 3. 2. 2 Processing 354 3. 2. 3 Analysis 355 3. 2. 4 Manufacturing and Properties of Thin Films 355 3. 2. 5 Conclusions 357 4. BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 358 4. 1 Chitosan as a Matrix for Biomedical Applications 358 4. 2 Chitosan-Clay Nanocomposites 359 4. 3 Nanocomposites Based on Hydroxyapatite 360 5. SUMMARY 362 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 363 REFERENCES 363 Index 365 Contributing Authors Author Affiliation Chapter P. Aldred Christian Doppler Laboratory, Dornbirn, Austria 9 A. Bockarie PhiladelphiaUniversity, School of Science & Health 5 T. Bunik Philadelphia University, School of Science & Health 5 S. 1. Eichhorn 16 Univ. of Manchester, Manchester Materials Sci. Ctr. D. Eichinger Lenzing AG, Austria, Marketing Department 9 E. Evazynajad PhiladelphiaUniv. , School of Textiles & Mater. Tech. 5 S. Fischer Eindhoven Univ. of Technology, TNO Industrial Tech. 19 H. Firgo Lenzing AG, Research & Development Department 9 E. FroIIini Univ. ofSiio Paulo, Chemical Institure of Sao Carlos 12 T. Fujii Doshisha University, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 17 B. R. George Philadelphia Univ. , School of Textiles& Mater. Tech. 5 A. Guo Pittsburg State Univ. , Kansas Polymer Research Ctr. 11 S. lavasundera U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Res.

Contributing Authors

Section I Overview

1 Science And TechnologyF.T. Wallenberger and N.E. Weston

1 Materials From Natural Sources

2 Value-In-Use Of Natural Materials

3 Overview Of Natural Materials

References

Section II Natural Fibers: Properties And Applications

2 Advanced Spider Silk Fibers By BiomimicryJ. Turner and C. Karatzas

1 Introduction

2 Spider Silk As A Biomaterial

3 Spider Silk Genetics

4 Silk Protein Production In Vitro

5 Silk Protein Production Via Lactation

6 Spider Silk Protein Characterization

7 Spinning Silk Proteins Into Fibers

8 Potential Uses For Spider Silk Fibers

Acknowledgement

References

3 Engineering Properties Of Spider Silk FibersF.K. Ko

Introduction

Tensile Properties

Transverse Compression Properties

Torsional Properties

Viscoelastic Properties

A Constitutive Model For Spider Silk

Summary And Observations

Acknowledgements

References

4 Microcrystalline Avian Keratin Protein FibersW.F. Schmidt and S. Jayasundera

1 Microcrystalline Structure

2 Morphological Structure

3 Feathers Into Fiber

4 Fiber Into Fiber Composites

References

5 Keratin Fiber Nonwovens For Erosion ControlB.R. George and A. Evazynajad and A. Bockarie and H. Mcbride and T. Bunik and A. Scutti

1 Introduction

2 Fibers And Nonwoven Fabrics

3 Erosion Control

Acknowledgements

References

6 Keratin Fiber Structures For NanofiltrationM. Misra and P. Kar

1 Introduction

2 Characterization Of Avian Fibers

3 Removal Of Metal Ions From Solutions

4 Removal Of Uranium From Solutions

5 Effect Of Fiber Surface Treatment

6 Summary

References

7 Alginate And Chitosan Fibers For Medical UsesH. Struszczyk

1 Introduction

2 Experimental Details

3 Chitosan And Alginate Fiber Evaluation

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

8 Natural Fibers With Low Moisture SensitivityG.T. Pott

1 Introduction

2 Characteristics Of Bast Fibers

3 Swelling Of Bast Fibers

4 Methods To Reduce Fiber Swell

5 The Duralin" Process

6 Duralin" Process - Molecular Aspects

7 Duralin" Fibers And Duralin" Flax Shives

8 Thermal Degradation Of Flax Fibers

9 Summary And Conclusions

References

9 Environmentally Friendly Lyocell FibersK.C. Schuster and C. Rohrer and D. Eichinger and J. Schmidtbauer and P. Aldred and H. Firgo

1 Introduction

2 Raw Materials And Pulping

3 Viscose And Modal Fiber Process

4 Lenzing Lyocell Fiber Process

5 Environmental Awards To Lenzing

6 Summary And Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Section III Natural Plastics & Matrix Materials

10 Plastics And Composites From Polylactic AcidK. Oksman and J.-F. Selin

1 Introduction

2 Polylactic Acid

3 Flax Fibers

4 Polylactic Acid Composites

5 Applications Of Polylactic Acid

6 Summary And Conclusions

References

11 Plastics And Composites From Soybean OilZ.S. Petrovi&cacute and A. Guo and I. Javni and Wei Zhang

1 Introduction

2 Vegetable Oil Based Resins

3 Conclusions

References

12 Plastics And Composites From LignophenolsE. Frollini and J.M.F. Paiva and W.G. Trindade, I.A. Tanaka Razera and S.P. Tita

1 Introduction

2 Lignocellulosic Materials

3 Thermoset Matrices

4 Lignocellulosic Fibers In Composites

5 Impact Strength

6 Water Absorption

7 Lignophenolics In Closed Cell Foams

Acknowledgements

References

13 Chitosan Biopolymer-Silica Hybrid AerogelsW.M. Risen Jr and Xipeng Liu

1 Introduction

2 Formation Of Biopolymers

3 Structures And Properties

4 Applications

Acknowledgements

References

Section IV Composites From Natural Fibers And Plastics

14 Uses Of Natural Fiber Reinforced PlasticsR. Kozlowski and M. Wladyka-Przybylak

1 Introduction

2 Conventional Composite Boards

3 Lignocellulosic-Mineral Composites

4 Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymers

25 Fire Retardant Composites

6 Conclusions

References

15 Natural Fiber Reinforced Automotive PartsT.P. Schlöesser

1 Introduction

2 Properties Of Natural Fibers

3 Comparison Of Natural And Gl

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