Virtual reality technology

Title:

Personal Author:

Burdea, Grigore C.

Edition:

2nd ed.

Publication Information:

Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley-Interscience, 2003

Physical Description:

1v + 1 CD-ROM

ISBN:

9780471360896

General Note:

Also available in compact disc version : CP 4329

Subject Term:

Human-computer interaction

Virtual reality

Added Author:

Coiffet, Philippe

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010047072	QA76.9.H85 B87 2003	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

A groundbreaking Virtual Reality textbook is now even better

Virtual reality is a very powerful and compelling computer application by which humans can interface and interact with computer-generated environments in a way that mimics real life and engages all the senses. Although its most widely known application is in the entertainment industry, the real promise of virtual reality lies in such fields as medicine, engineering, oil exploration and the military, to name just a few. Through virtual reality scientists can triple the rate of oil discovery, pilots can dogfight numerically-superior "bandits," and surgeons can improve their skills on virtual (rather than real) patients.

This Second Edition of the first comprehensive technical book on the subject of virtual reality provides updated and expanded coverage of the technology--where it originated, how it has evolved, and where it is going. The authors cover all of the latest innovations and applications that are making virtual reality more important than ever before, including:
* Coverage on input and output interfaces including touch and force feedback
* Computing architecture (with emphasis on the rendering pipeline and task distribution)
* Object modeling (including physical and behavioral aspects)
* Programming for virtual reality
* An in-depth look at human factors issues, user performance, and
* sensorial conflict aspects of VR
* Traditional and emerging VR applications
The new edition of Virtual Reality Technology is specifically designed for use as a textbook. Thus it includes definitions, review questions, and a Laboratory Manual with homework and programming assignments. The accompanying CD-ROM also contains video clips that reinforce the topics covered in the textbook. The Second Edition will serve as a state-of-the-art resource for both graduate and undergraduate students in engineering, computer science, and other disciplines.

GRIGORE C. BURDEA is a professor at Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, and author of the book Force and Touch Feedback for Virtual Reality, also published by Wiley.

PHILIPPE COIFFET is a Director of Research at CNRS (French National Scientific Research Center) and Member of the National Academy of Technologies of France. He authored 20 books on Robotics and VR translated into several languages.

Author Notes

GRIGORE C. BURDEA is a professor at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, and author of the book Force and Touch Feedback for Virtual Reality, also published by Wiley.

PHILIPPE COIFFET is a Director of Research at CNRS (French National Scientific Research Center) and Member of the National Academy of Technologies of France. He has authored twenty books on robotics and virtual reality, which have been translated into several languages.

Foreword	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 The Three I's of Virtual Reality	p. 3
1.2 A Short History of Early Virtual Reality	p. 3
1.3 Early Commercial VR Technology	p. 8
1.4 VR Becomes an Industry	p. 10
1.5 The Five Classic Components of a VR System	p. 12
1.6 Review Questions	p. 13
References	p. 14
2 Input Devices: Trackers, Navigation, and Gesture Interfaces	p. 16
2.1 Three-Dimensional Position Trackers	p. 17
2.1.1 Tracker Performance Parameters	p. 19
2.1.2 Mechanical Trackers	p. 21
2.1.3 Magnetic Trackers	p. 24
2.1.4 Ultrasonic Trackers	p. 32
2.1.5 Optical Trackers	p. 35
2.1.6 Hybrid Intertial Trackers	p. 38
2.2 Navigation and Manipulation Interfaces	p. 41
2.2.1 Tracker-Based Navigation/Manipulation Interfaces	p. 42
2.2.2 Trackballs	p. 44
2.2.3 Three-Dimensional Probes	p. 45
2.3 Gesture Interfaces	p. 46
2.3.1 The Pinch Glove	p. 48
2.3.2 The 5DT Data Glove	p. 49
2.3.3 The Didjiglove	p. 51
2.3.4 The CyberGlove	p. 53
2.4 Conclusion	p. 54
2.5 Review Questions	p. 54
References	p. 54
3 Output Devices: Graphics, Three-Dimensional Sound, and Haptic Displays	p. 57
3.1 Graphics Displays	p. 58
3.1.1 The Human Visual System	p. 58
3.1.2 Personal Graphics Displays	p. 60
3.1.3 Large-Volume Displays	p. 70
3.2 Sound Displays	p. 84
3.2.1 The Human Auditory System	p. 84
3.2.2 The Convolvotron	p. 88
3.2.3 Speaker-Based Three-Dimensional Sound	p. 90
3.3 Haptic Feedback	p. 92
3.3.1 The Human Haptic System	p. 93
3.3.2 Tactile Feedback Interfaces	p. 97
3.3.3 Force Feedback Interfaces	p. 102
3.4 Conclusion	p. 110
3.5 Review Questions	p. 110
References	p. 111
4 Computing Architectures for VR	p. 116
4.1 The Rendering Pipeline	p. 117
4.1.1 The Graphics Rendering Pipeline	p. 117
4.1.2 The Haptics Rendering Pipeline	p. 125
4.2 PC Graphics Architecture	p. 126
4.2.1 PC Graphics Accelerators	p. 129
4.2.2 Graphics Benchmarks	p. 133
4.3 Workstation-Based Architectures	p. 135
4.3.1 The Sun Blade 1000 Architecture	p. 136
4.3.2 The SGI Infinite Reality Architecture	p. 137
4.4 Distributed VR Architectures	p. 139
4.4.1 Multipipeline Synchronization	p. 140
4.4.2 Colocated Rendering Pipelines	p. 143
4.4.3 Distributed Virtual Environments	p. 149
4.5 Conclusion	p. 153
4.6 Review Questions	p. 154
References	p. 155
5 Modeling	p. 157
5.1 Geometric Modeling	p. 158
5.1.1 Virtual Object Shape	p. 158
5.1.2 Object Visual Appearance	p. 164
5.2 Kinematics Modeling	p. 172
5.2.1 Homogeneous Transformation Matrices	p. 172
5.2.2 Object Position	p. 172
5.2.3 Transformation Invariants	p. 175
5.2.4 Object Hierarchies	p. 176
5.2.5 Viewing the Three-Dimensional World	p. 178
5.3 Physical Modeling	p. 180
5.3.1 Collision Detection	p. 180
5.3.2 Surface Deformation	p. 183
5.3.3 Force Computation	p. 184
5.3.4 Force Smoothing and Mapping	p. 190
5.3.5 Haptic Texturing	p. 192
5.4 Behavior Modeling	p. 194
5.5 Model Management	p. 197
5.5.1 Level-of-Detail Management	p. 198
5.5.2 Cell Segmentation	p. 202
5.6 Conclusion	p. 205
5.7 Review Questions	p. 206
References	p. 206
6 VR Programming	p. 210
6.1 Toolkits and Scene Graphs	p. 210
6.2 WorldToolKit	p. 214
6.2.1 Model Geometry and Appearance	p. 214
6.2.2 The WTK Scene Graph	p. 215
6.2.3 Sensors and Action Functions	p. 218
6.2.4 WTK Networking	p. 220
6.3 Java 3D	p. 221
6.3.1 Model Geometry and Appearance	p. 222
6.3.2 Java 3D Scene Graph	p. 223
6.3.3 Sensors and Behaviors	p. 225
6.3.4 Java 3D Networking	p. 227
6.3.5 WTK and Java 3D Performance Comparison	p. 227
6.4 General Haptics Open Software Toolkit	p. 231
6.4.1 GHOST Integration with the Graphics Pipeline	p. 231
6.4.2 The GHOST Haptics Scene Graph	p. 232
6.4.3 Collision Detection and Response	p. 234
6.4.4 Graphics and PHANToM Calibration	p. 234
6.5 PeopleShop	p. 235
6.5.1 DI-Guy Geometry and Path	p. 236
6.5.2 Sensors and Behaviors	p. 237
6.5.3 PeopleShop Networking	p. 238
6.6 Conclusion	p. 239
6.7 Review Questions	p. 239
References	p. 240
7 Human Factors in VR	p. 243
7.1 Methodology and Terminology	p. 244
7.1.1 Data Collection and Analysis	p. 246
7.1.2 Usability Engineering Methodology	p. 250
7.2 User Performance Studies	p. 253
7.2.1 Testbed Evaluation of Universal VR Tasks	p. 253
7.2.2 Influence of System Responsiveness on User Performance	p. 256
7.2.3 Influence of Feedback Multimodality	p. 260
7.3 VR Health and Safety Issues	p. 266
7.3.1 Direct Effects of VR Simulations on Users	p. 267
7.3.2 Cybersickness	p. 269
7.3.3 Adaptation and Aftereffects	p. 274
7.3.4 Guidelines for Proper VR Usage	p. 276
7.4 VR and Society	p. 277
7.4.1 Impact on Professional Life	p. 278
7.4.2 Impact on Private Life	p. 278
7.4.3 Impact on Public Life	p. 279
7.5 Conclusion	p. 280
7.6 Review Questions	p. 280
References	p. 282
8 Traditional VR Applications	p. 285
8.1 Medical Applications of VR	p. 287
8.1.1 Virtual Anatomy	p. 287
8.1.2 Triage and Diagnostic	p. 289
8.1.3 Surgery	p. 296
8.1.4 Rehabilitation	p. 304
8.2 Education, Arts, and Entertainment	p. 314
8.2.1 VR in Education	p. 314
8.2.2 VR and the Arts	p. 319
8.2.3 Entertainment Applications of VR	p. 324
8.3 Military VR Applications	p. 328
8.3.1 Army Use of VR	p. 328
8.3.2 VR Applications in the Navy	p. 334
8.3.3 Air Force Use of VR	p. 338
8.4 Conclusion	p. 342
8.5 Review Questions	p. 342
References	p. 343
9 Emerging Applications of VR	p. 349
9.1 VR Applications in Manufacturing	p. 349
9.1.1 Virtual Prototyping	p. 350
9.1.2 Other VR Applications in Manufacturing	p. 358
9.2 Applications of VR in Robotics	p. 362
9.2.1 Robot Programming	p. 363
9.2.2 Robot Teleoperation	p. 365
9.3 Information Visualization	p. 371
9.3.1 Oil Exploration and Well Management	p. 374
9.3.2 Volumetric Data Visualization	p. 376
9.4 Conclusion	p. 382
9.5 Review Questions	p. 382
References	p. 383
Index	p. 387

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Table of Contents