Fractal models in exploration geophysics : application to hydrocarbon reservoirs

Researchers in the field of exploration geophysics have developed new methods for the acquisition, processing and interpretation of gravity and magnetic data, based on detailed investigations of bore wells around the globe. Fractal Models in Exploration Geophysics describes fractal-based models for characterizing these complex subsurface geological structures.

The authors introduce the inverse problem using a fractal approach which they then develop with the implementation of a global optimization algorithm for seismic data: very fast simulated annealing (VFSA). This approach provides high-resolution inverse modeling results--particularly useful for reservoir characterization.

Foreword	p. ix
Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Volume in Series	p. xv
1 Introduction of Fractals: Application to Gravity and Magnetic Data	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Fractal and Scaling	p. 2
1.3 Behavior of Physical Properties	p. 2
1.4 Interpretation of Gravity and Magnetic Data	p. 5
1.5 Spectral Analysis	p. 6
1.6 Scaling Spectral Analysis	p. 9
1.7 Nonstationary Gravity and Magnetic Profiles	p. 11
1.8 Field Example: Kuppam-Palani, South India	p. 13
1.9 Characterization of Time Series for Fractal Behavior	p. 18
1.10 Simulation of One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Fractal Time/Space Series	p. 18
1.11 Examples: Synthesis of Fractal Time Series	p. 23
1.12 Fractal Dimension and Design of Geophysical Surveys	p. 23
1.13 Conclusion	p. 27
2 Structural Modeling Using Fractals	p. 29
2.1 Introduction	p. 29
2.2 Tessellation	p. 29
2.3 Automated Perturbation of Model: Some Synthetic Examples	p. 31
2.4 Computation of Gravity Response: A Case Study	p. 39
2.5 Conclusion	p. 43
3 Fractal Inversion	p. 47
3.1 Introduction	p. 47
3.2 Seismic Inversion	p. 49
3.3 Generation of Fractal-Based Initial Model	p. 51
3.4 Very Fast Simulated Annealing	p. 53
3.5 Stochastic Inversion	p. 55
3.6 Deterministic Inversion	p. 57
3.7 Analysis of Results	p. 59
3.8 Conclusion	p. 61
4 Seismic Reservoir Monitoring	p. 65
4.1 Introduction	p. 65
4.2 Rock Physics Study	p. 66
4.3 Changes Due to Pressure	p. 69
4.4 Acquisition of 4D Seismic Data	p. 73
4.5 Repeatability	p. 75
4.6 Processing of 4D Seismic Data	p. 77
4.7 Analysis of 4D Seismic Data	p. 77
4.8 Poststack Versus Prestack Analysis	p. 82
4.9 Fractal-Based 4D Inversion	p. 84
4.10 Time-Lapse Amplitude vs Offset AVO: Distinguish Between Pressure and Saturation Changes	p. 87
4.11 Conclusion with Limitations and Challenges in Time-Lapse Study	p. 87
5 Reservoir Geophysics: Some Basic Concepts	p. 89
5.1 Introduction	p. 89
5.2 Hydrocarbon Reservoir	p. 89
5.3 Reservoir Rock Properties	p. 92
5.4 Fractal Porosity	p. 97
5.5 Permeability	p. 100
5.6 Reservoir Rock Capillary Properties	p. 108
5.7 Properties of Reservoir Fluids	p. 111
5.8 Conclusion	p. 118
6 Fluid Flow and Recovery	p. 119
6.1 Introduction	p. 119
6.2 Fluid Flow in the Reservoir	p. 119
6.3 Fractal Behavior of Flow and Media	p. 122
6.4 Oil Recovery	p. 125
6.5 Material Balance Equations	p. 127
6.6 Mechanism of Secondary Recovery	p. 132
6.7 Water Alternating Gas (CO 2 ) Injection	p. 132
6.8 Numerical Reservoir Simulation: An Overview	p. 136
6.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Reservoir Simulation	p. 147
6.10 Conclusion	p. 147
References	p. 149
Index	p. 159

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