Seismic performance of concrete buildings

This book examines and presents essential aspects of the behavior, analysis, design and detailing of reinforced concrete buildings subjected to strong seismic activity. Seismic design is an extremely complex problem that has seen spectacular development in the last decades. The present volume tries to show how the principles and methods of earthquake engineering can be applied to seismic analysis and design of reinforced concrete buildings.

The book starts with an up-to-date presentation of fundamental aspects of reinforced concrete behavior quantified through constitutive laws for monotonic and hysteretic loading. Basic concepts of post-elastic analysis like plastic hinge, plastic length, fiber models, and stable and unstable hysteretic behaviour are, accordingly, defined and commented upon. For a deeper understanding of seismic design philosophy and of static and dynamic post-elastic analysis, seismic behavior of different types of reinforced concrete structures (frames, walls) is examined in detail. Next, up-to-date methods for analysis and design are presented. The powerful concept of structural system is defined and systematically used to explain the response to seismic activity, as well as the procedures for analysis and detailing of common building structures. Several case studies are presented. The book is not code-oriented. The structural design codes are subject to constant reevaluation and updating. Rather than presenting code provisions, this book offers a coherent system of notions, concepts and methods, which facilitate understanding and application of any design code.

The content of this book is based mainly on the authors¿ personal experience which is a combination of their teaching and research activity as well as their work in the private sector as structural designers. The work will serve to help students and researchers, as well as structural designers to better understand the fundamental aspects of behavior and analysis of reinforced concrete structures and accordingly to gain knowledge that will ensure a sound design of buildings.

Author Notes

Liviu Crainic is Professor of Reinforced Concrete Structures at the Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest-Romania. He has authored several books on structural dynamics and (reinforced) concrete and is the author of several papers published in professional journals and of numerous reports presented to professional meetings. In addition to his academic experience, his non-academic experience includes structural design work with direct contribution to the design of numerous reinforced concrete structures (multistory buildings, industrial buildings, water towers, tanks, silos) and to assessment and the redesigning of earthquake-damaged reinforced concrete structures.

Mihai Munteanu is Associate Professor of Reinforced Concrete Structures Department at the Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest-Romania. He has a strong background in structural design, and has amassed more than 25 years of experience in the field of Structural Design Projects, Certified Checking and Technical Expert Review, in creating computer programs for the structural analysis of reinforced concrete sections and parts of structures. Last but not least, he has more than 25 years¿ experience educating and counseling new generations of structural engineers.

Editorial	p. ix
About the Book Series Editor	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Notations	p. xv
About the Authors	p. xix
Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 General	p. 1
1.2 Behavior Peculiarities	p. 2
1.3 Structural Modeling	p. 3
1.4 Design Codes	p. 5
1.5 Content of the Book	p. 6
Conclusions	p. 6
Chapter 2 Constitutive Laws	p. 7
2.1 General Considerations	p. 7
2.2 Constitutive Laws for Reinforced Concrete Components	p. 10
2.2.1 Concrete	p. 10
2.2.2 Reinforcing Steel	p. 12
2.3 Constitutive Laws for Reinforced Concrete Sections	p. 15
2.3.1 General	p. 15
2.3.2 Moment-Curvature Relationships for Sections with Pure Bending	p. 16
2.3.3 Moment-Curvature Relationships for Eccentrically Compressed Members	p. 20
2.3.4 Moment-Curvature Relationships for Sections Subjected to Reversal Loading	p. 21
2.4 Constitutive Laws for Reinforced Concrete Members	p. 23
2.4.1 General Considerations	p. 23
2.4.2 Types of R/C Members According to Their Behavior up to the Failure	p. 24
2.4.3 Force-Deflection Relationship for a Reinforced Concrete Cantilever. Notion of "Plastic Hinge" (elements with "concentrated" inelasticity)	p. 26
2.4.4 Elements with Distributed Inelasticity	p. 30
2.4.5 Behavior of Elements with High Shear	p. 31
2.4.6 Elements Subjected to Reversal Loading	p. 33
2.4.7 Computer Models for R/C Members	p. 34
Numerical Examples	p. 38
Conclusions	p. 48
Chapter 3 Behavior and Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures under Static Loads	p. 49
3.1 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures under Monotonic Loads	p. 49
3.2 Methods for Static Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures	p. 51
3.2.1 Static Elastic Analysis	p. 52
3.2.2 Static Post-Elastic ("Pushover") Analysis	p. 53
3.2.3 Post-Elastic Analysis through "Limit Equilibrium"	p. 56
3.2.4 Rotation of Plastic Hinges	p. 59
3.3 Post-Elastic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures through Adjustment of Elastic Moments	p. 61
Numerical Examples	p. 62
Conclusions	p. 66
Chapter 4 Seismic Analysis and Design Methods for Reinforced Concrete Structures	p. 67
4.1 General Considerations	p. 67
4.2 Seismic Action	p. 67
4.3 Seismic Design Philosophy	p. 70
4.4 Specific Requirements for Structures Subjected to High Intensity Seismic Actions	p. 71
4.5 Analysis and Design Based on Equivalent Seismic Force	p. 73
4.6 Post-Elastic Static (Pushover) Analysis to Seismic Actions	p. 76
4.6.1 General Considerations	p. 76
4.6.2 "Classical" (conventional) Pushover Seismic Analysis	p. 77
4.6.3 Advanced Procedures for Pushover Seismic Analysis	p. 80
4.7 Dynamic Post-Elastic Analysis of Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems. Inelastic Spectra	p. 82
4.8 Dynamic Post-Elastic Analysis of Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems	p. 87
4.9 Performance-Based Design	p. 88
Conclusions	p. 91
Chapter 5 Structural Systems for Multistory Buildings	p. 93
5.1 Definitions	p. 93
5.2 Types of Superstructures	p. 94
5.2.1 Reinforced Concrete Frames	p. 94
5.2.2 Wall Systems	p. 96
5.2.3 Dual Systems	p. 97
5.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages. Optimum Usage	p. 98
5.3 Structures with Controlled Seismic Response	p. 99
5.3.1 Systems of Base Isolation	p. 99
5.3.2 Damper Systems	p. 100
5.3.3 Systems with Tuned Mats	p. 100
5.4 Infrastructure	p. 100
Conclusions	p. 101
Chapter 6 Reinforced Concrete Frame Systems	p. 103
6.1 General Considerations	p. 103
6.2 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Frames	p. 104
6.2.1 Behavior under Gravity Loads	p. 104
6.2.2 Seismic Behavior of Frames	p. 105
6.3 Analysis of Frame Structures	p. 109
6.3.1 Advanced and Simplified Analysis under Seismic Equivalent Forces	p. 109
6.3.2 Pushover Analysis	p. 111
6.3.3 Tune-History Post-Elastic Analysis	p. 112
6.4 Seismic Design of Frame Structures	p. 113
6.4.1 Preliminary Design	p. 113
6.4.2 Steps of Proper Design	p. 115
6.5 Capacity Design Method	p. 116
6.6 Drift Control of Frames Subjected to Seismic Actions	p. 121
6.7 Local Ductility of Frame Components	p. 123
6.8 Beam-Column Joints	p. 127
6.9 Interaction Frames/Masonry Infill	p. 130
6.10 Infrastructures and Foundations	p. 134
6.10.1 General	p. 134
6.10.2 Infrastructure with Peripheral Walls	p. 135
6.10.3 Infrastructure Made by a System of Walls and Diaphragms	p. 138
6.11 Case Study	p. 139
6.11.1 General Layout. Input data	p. 139
6.11.2 Preliminary Design	p. 140
6.11.3 Structural Analysis and Design	p. 143
Conclusions	p. 147
Chapter 7 Structural Wall Systems	p. 149
7.1 General	p. 149
7.2 Types of Structural Walls	p. 150
7.3 Behavior of Wall Systems	p. 152
7.3.1 General	p. 152
7.3.2 Behavior of Cantilever Wall	p. 152
7.3.3 Coupled Wall Behavior	p. 153
7.3.4 Wall System Behavior	p. 158
7.4 Conceptual Design of Structural Wall Systems	p. 159
7.5 Analysis of Wall Systems	p. 163
7.5.1 Elastic analysis of Wall Systems	p. 163
7.5.2 Post-elastic Analysis of Wall Systems	p. 165
7.6 Simplified Analysis of Wall System	p. 166
7.6.1 General	p. 166
7.6.2 Coordinates of Rigidity Centre	p. 167
7.6.3 Direct Effect of the Lateral Force (Effect of Translation)	p. 168
7.6.4 Effect of Rotation (General Twist)	p. 169
7.6.5 Systems with non-parallel components	p. 171
7.6.6 Special Analysis Issues	p. 175
7.7 Design and Detailing of Cantilever Wall	p. 176
7.7.1 General	p. 176
7.7.2 Flexural Design	p. 176
7.7.3 Design for Shear	p. 178
7.7.4 Stiffness	p. 179
7.7.5 Detailing	p. 180
7.8 Coupled Wall Design and Detailing	p. 181
7.9 Diaphragms	p. 185
7.10 Infrastructures and Foundations	p. 186
7.10.1 General	p. 186
7.10.2 Individual Foundations	p. 187
7.10.3 Infrastructures	p. 188
7.11 Case Study	p. 189
7.11.1 General	p. 189
7.11.2 Conceptual Design	p. 189
7.11.3 Preliminary Analysis and design	p. 190
7.11.4 Accurate Structural Analysis	p. 193
7.11.5 Design and Detailing	p. 194
Conclusions	p. 196
Chapter 8 Dual Systems	p. 197
8.1 General Considerations	p. 197
8.2 Behavior of Dual Systems	p. 198
8.3 Conceptual Design of Dual Systems	p. 200
8.4 Analysis, Design and Detailing of Dual Systems	p. 202
8.5 Infrastructures and Foundations	p. 203
8.6 Case Studies	p. 203
Conclusions	p. 221
Chapter 9 Observations on the Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Buildings during Earthquakes	p. 223
9.1 Buildings' Behavior	p. 223
9.2 Seismic Behavior of Frame Components	p. 227
9.3 Structural Walls	p. 231
9.4 Diaphragms	p. 234
Conclusions	p. 234
Chapter 10 Concluding Remarks and Recommendations	p. 235
References	p. 239
Subject index	p. 241
Structures and Infrastructures Series	p. 243

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