New horizons in mobile and wireless communications

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Based on cutting-edge research projects in the field, this book (part of a comprehensive 4-volume series) provides the latest details and covers the most impactful aspects of mobile, wireless, and broadband communications development. This book present key systems and enabling technologies in a clear and accessible manner, offering you a detailed roadmap the future evolution of next generation communications. Drawing upon the insights of leading experts in the field, each of the four volumes in this series is dedicated to an area of critical importance, including Radio Interfaces; Networks, Services and Applications; Reconfigurability; and Ad Hoc Networks.

Author Notes

Ramjee Prasad received his M.Sc. (Eng.) in electronics and communications and his Ph.D. in telecommunications from the Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, India.

He is a researcher of hybrid multiple access schemes for wireless personal communications at the Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. Dr. Prasad is Wireless Information and Multimedia Chair and Co-Director of the Center for Personkommunikation at Aalborg University. He is the author of CDMA for Wireless Personal Communications (Artech, 1996) and Universal Wireless Personal Communications (Artech, 1998). He is co-author of IP/ATM Mobile Satellite Networks (Artech House, 2002) and OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications (Artech House, 2000), and co-editor of Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems (Artech House, 2000), WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet (Artech House, 2001), and Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet (Artech House, 2003). He is Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal on Wireless Personal Communications, Chairman of the IEEE Vehicular Technology and Communications Society Joint Chapter in the Benelux, and Secretary for the Executive Committee of PIMRC.

050

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 From Software-Defined Radio to End-to-End Reconfigurability	p. 2
1.1.1 Heterogeneity of RAT Standards	p. 2
1.1.2 SDR as an Enabling Technology	p. 6
1.2 Cognitive Radio	p. 7
1.2.1 Basics of Cognitive Radio	p. 8
1.2.2 Regulatory Landscape	p. 10
1.2.3 State of the Art of CR	p. 11
1.3 State-of-the-Art Devices	p. 12
1.3.1 RF-BB Interface	p. 13
1.3.2 Converters	p. 14
1.3.3 Digital Front End (DFE)	p. 16
1.3.4 Analog Front End (AFE)	p. 16
1.3.5 Equipment Management for Reconfigurable Radio	p. 16
1.4 Security Threats	p. 18
1.5 Evolution of Radio Resource and Spectrum Management	p. 19
1.6 Preview of the Book	p. 21
References	p. 23
Chapter 2 Enabling Technologies	p. 25
2.1 SDR and Cognition as Building Concepts of Reconfigurable Systems	p. 25
2.2 Design of an Optimal Transmit and Receive Architecture for a Reconfigurable Air Interface	p. 27
2.2.1 Limits of the Single-User MIMO Channels	p. 28
2.2.2 Precoding Schemes with Perfect and Partial CSI-T	p. 32
2.2.3 General Framework for Air Interface Reconfigurability	p. 36
2.2.4 Design of Multiuser Optimal TX and RX	p. 37
2.3 Candidate PHY-Layer Techniques for Reconfigurable Air Interfaces	p. 38
2.3.1 Downlink Scenario	p. 38
2.3.2 Uplink Scenario	p. 42
2.3.3 Exploiting the Diversity Gain	p. 50
2.3.4 Exploiting the Multiplexing Gain	p. 51
2.4 Practical Multistream Transmission Techniques	p. 55
2.4.1 Single-Carrier Versus OFDM	p. 55
2.4.2 Coexistence of SC-FDE and OFDM	p. 56
2.4.3 MIMO for Single Carrier	p. 56
2.4.4 Channel-Dependent Scheduling for SC-FDMA Uplink MIMO	p. 57
2.4.5 SINR Distribution for SDM MIMO Schemes in DL	p. 58
2.4.6 MIMO Mode Selection for Multiuser Scheduling	p. 60
2.5 Air Interface Technologies for Short-Range Reconfigurability	p. 64
2.6 Adaptive Antenna Systems and Use of Localization	p. 69
2.7 Reconfigurable IA/MIMO Transceiver Algorithms	p. 72
2.8 Conclusions	p. 85
References	p. 86
Chapter 3 Autonomic Communications	p. 91
3.1 Introduction	p. 91
3.2 Capabilities of Autonomic Communications	p. 92
3.2.1 Self-Configuration and Self-Management	p. 94
3.2.2 Autonomic Decision Making	p. 95
3.3 Profile Representation	p. 95
3.3.1 User Profiles	p. 96
3.3.2 Device Profiles	p. 98
3.3.3 Network Models	p. 98
3.3.4 General Concept of Profiles	p. 99
3.4 Ontology and Context Models	p. 99
3.4.1 Ontology	p. 99
3.4.2 Context	p. 100
3.4.3 Relation Between Ontology and Context	p. 100
3.4.4 Representation for Ontology and Context	p. 100
3.4.5 Role in Communications and System Aspects	p. 101
3.4.6 Applications of Autonomics	p. 102
3.5 Device Management	p. 103
3.5.1 OMA DM Architecture and Enablers	p. 104
3.5.2 Role of Device Management in Self-Management and Autonomic Decision Making	p. 107
3.6 Operation Support Systems	p. 107
3.6.1 Autonomous Next-Generation Networks	p. 108
3.6.2 Network Evolution Toward Openness	p. 109
3.7 Policy Framework for Opportunistic Communication	p. 110
3.8 Unified Scenario on Autonomic Communications Systems for Seamless Experience	p. 119
3.9 Conclusions	p. 122
References	p. 123
Chapter 4 System Capabilities	p. 127
4.1 Introduction	p. 127
4.2 Policy Management	p. 128
4.3 Cognitive Service Provision and Discovery	p. 130
4.4 Emergency Services	p. 133
4.5 Context Interpretation	p. 134
4.6 Self-Configuring Protocols	p. 138
4.7 Mass Upgrade of Mobile Terminals	p. 140
4.8 Handover	p. 141
4.9 Formation of Network Compartments and Base Station Reconfiguration	p. 143
4.10 Traffic Load Prediction and Balancing	p. 144
4.11 Network Resource Management	p. 146
4.12 RAT Discovery and Selection	p. 147
4.13 Conclusions	p. 148
References	p. 149
Chapter 5 Principles and Analysis of Reconfigurable Architectures	p. 151
5.1 Introduction	p. 151
5.1.1 Multistandard Base Stations	p. 153
5.1.2 Programmable Reconfigurable Radio	p. 155
5.1.3 Requirements for a Reconfigurable PHY Layer	p. 156
5.2 Reconfigurable Elements	p. 156
5.2.1 Analog Reconfigurable Elements	p. 157
5.2.2 Digital Reconfigurable Elements	p. 157
5.3 Physical Layer-Related Scenarios and Requirements	p. 159
5.4 Physical Layer Architecture Principles	p. 160
5.4.1 Partitioning Overview	p. 160
5.4.2 High-Level View of Architecture	p. 162
5.5 Physical Layer Architecture Analysis	p. 164
5.5.1 RF Front End Architecture	p. 164
5.5.2 Digital Baseband Architecture	p. 172
5.5.3 Communication Architectures	p. 177
5.5.4 RF Front End to Digital Baseband Interface	p. 179
5.5.5 Transmitter Architecture for Opportunistic Radio	p. 180
5.6 Conclusions	p. 185
References	p. 185
Chapter 6 Reconfigurable Radio Equipment and Its Management	p. 187
6.1 Introduction	p. 187
6.2 Reconfigurable Management	p. 189
6.2.1 Network Perspective	p. 190
6.2.2 Equipment Perspective	p. 203
6.3 Reconfiguration Control	p. 215
6.3.1 CCM Simulations and Verifications	p. 216
6.3.2 Configuration Control for MSBSs	p. 216
6.3.3 Functional Description Language (FDL) Interpreter	p. 218
6.3.4 Spatial Scheduling	p. 219
6.4 Reconfiguration Elements	p. 222
6.4.1 CEM-HAL Implementation	p. 223
6.4.2 CEM Implementation: SAMIRA DSP	p. 224
6.4.3 Adaptive Execution Environment	p. 226
6.4.4 SW Architecture for Embedded Real-Time Processors	p. 227
6.5 Conclusions	p. 229
References	p. 230
Chapter 7 Spectrum Management and Radio Resource Allocation	p. 233
7.1 Introduction	p. 233
7.2 Spectrum Sensing and Cooperative Sensing	p. 235
7.3 Cooperation Protocols for Sensing	p. 239
7.3.1 Centralized Sensing Approach	p. 240
7.3.2 Distributed Sensing Approach	p. 245
7.4 Spectrum and Cooperative Sensing Algorithms	p. 246
7.4.1 Blind Cyclostationarity-Based Detection Test	p. 246
7.4.2 Blind and Semiblind Detection Algorithms for Spread Spectrum Signals	p. 247
7.4.3 Algorithm to Detect UMTS FDD Signals	p. 250
7.4.4 Wideband Spectrum Sensing for OR Using Wavelet-Based Algorithms	p. 251
7.4.5 Energy Detection Based on Multiple-Antenna Processing	p. 253
7.4.6 Cooperative Extension of the UMTS FDD Signal Detector	p. 255
7.5 Spectrum Policies and Economic Consideration	p. 257
7.6 Conclusions	p. 260
References	p. 261
Chapter 8 Reconfiguration Threats and Security Objectives	p. 263
8.1 Introduction	p. 263
8.2 Reconfiguration Threats	p. 264
8.3 Security Objectives	p. 266
8.3.1 Reconfiguration Software Download	p. 266
8.3.2 Reconfiguration Process	p. 266
8.3.3 Compliance of Radio Emission	p. 267
8.4 Reconfiguration Software Authorization	p. 268
8.4.1 Relevant Security Technology	p. 268
8.4.2 Software Download Authorization	p. 270
8.4.3 Software Activation Restrictions	p. 273
8.4.4 Restricted Radio Execution Environment	p. 274
8.4.5 Reconfiguration Software Authorization Policy Framework	p. 274
8.5 Secure Execution Environment	p. 275
8.5.1 Hardware Support	p. 275
8.5.2 Software Support	p. 276
8.5.3 Equipment-Related Prototype Providing Security Mechanisms	p. 277
8.6 Authentication and Trust Framework	p. 278
8.6.1 Security Infrastructures for Reconfiguration	p. 278
8.6.2 Trust Management and Dependencies	p. 282
8.7 Challenges in the Reconfiguration Process	p. 284
8.8 Conclusions	p. 287
References	p. 288
Chapter 9 Prototyping and Requirements of the Reconfigurable Platform	p. 291
9.1 Introduction	p. 291
9.2 Equipment Prototyping	p. 293
9.2.1 FAUST SoC	p. 295
9.2.2 Dual Bank RF and ADDAC Board	p. 296
9.2.3 MT Local Functionalities	p. 299
9.2.4 ADC/Digital Front End	p. 300
9.2.5 SAMIRA DSP	p. 301
9.2.6 FPGA Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration	p. 304
9.2.7 Parameterization and Common Operator Approach	p. 304
9.2.8 Hierarchical Management	p. 305
9.2.9 Hierarchical Configuration Management Architecture	p. 307
9.2.10 FPGA Partial Reconfiguration	p. 308
9.2.11 Common Operator-Oriented Design for FPGA Partial Reconfiguration	p. 310
9.2.12 Reconfiguration Concepts for the Physical Layer of an MSBS	p. 310
9.2.13 Detection of Vacant Radio Resources	p. 312
9.3 Network Prototyping	p. 312
9.3.1 Reconfriguration Control and Service Provisioning Manager (RCSPM)	p. 313
9.3.2 RCSPM User Agent	p. 315
9.3.3 ASM/ARRM Prototyping Demonstration Framework	p. 317
9.3.4 Real-Time Platform for Mobility and QoS and Reconfiguration Management	p. 320
9.3.5 Radio Resource Management (RRM)	p. 323
9.4 Adaptive Applications	p. 327
9.5 Conclusions	p. 328
References	p. 328
Chapter 10 Concluding Remarks	p. 331
About the Authors	p. 337
Index	p. 341

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